Libmonster ID: UZ-1505
Author(s) of the publication: A. S. SUMBATZADE

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR A. S. Sumbatzade

With the victory of the Great October Revolution and the creation of a multinational Soviet socialist state, all the peoples of Russia, including the peoples of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan - today's Soviet East-received social and national liberation. The historical destinies of the peoples of these regions are strongly connected with the destinies of the Russian and other peoples of Russia. Annexation to Russia put an end to feudal feuds in these lands, protected them from the ruinous foreign invasions .1 At the same time, tsarism turned them into the colonial territories of Russia .2 Possessing not only state power, but also the rights of the supreme feudal landowner, the autocracy in every possible way hindered the social development of the working people of the national suburbs, while protecting the interests of local feudal lords. However, despite the colonial policy of tsarism, the annexation of these regions to Russia had Progressive consequences, leading, in particular, to the gradual integration of the economy of national suburbs into the developing system of all-Russian capitalism. V. I. Lenin emphasized that " the development of industry in central Russia and the development of commercial agriculture on the outskirts are inextricably linked, creating a mutual market for one another."3
The development and extraction of mineral resources begins, and a factory industry appears both in Transcaucasus4 and in Russia.

1 For more information, see: "Azerbaijan's accession to Russia and its progressive consequences in the field of economy and culture". Baku. 1955; "The Annexation of Eastern Armenia to Russia", Vol. 1. Yerevan. 1972; A. Dovletov, A. Ilyasov. Turkmenistan's accession to Russia. Ashgabat. 1972.

2 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, p. 518; "History of the USSR from ancient times to our days". Vol. VI. Moscow 1970, p.311.

3 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 3, p. 253. This Leninist position is revealed in the works of Soviet scientists devoted to the development of agriculture in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan: M. A. Ismailov. Capitalism in Azerbaijan's agriculture at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. Baku, 1964; I. G. Antelava, G. A. Ordzhonikidze, and E. V. Khoshtariya. On the genesis and development of capitalism in agriculture and industry in Georgia. Tbilisi. 1967; P. V. Gugushvili. Development of agriculture in Georgia and Transcaucasia in the 19th and early 20th centuries Tbilisi. 1968; "The Victory of Soviet Power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan". Tashkent, 1967; S. A. Sundetov. On the genesis of capitalism in Kazakhstan's agriculture. Alma-Ata. 1970;" The emergence of capitalist relations in Kyrgyzstan at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century." 1970.

4 A. S. Sumbatzade. Azerbaijan's industry in the 19th century Baku, 1964; the same name. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie predposylki pobedy Sovetskoi vlasti v Azerbeyanii [Socio-economic prerequisites for the victory of Soviet power in Azerbaijan]. From the history of the development of the pre-revolutionary Baku oil refining industry. Baku. 1970; M. A. Ismailov. Baku's industry at the beginning of the XX century. Baku. 1976.

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Central Asia and Kazakhstan 5 . Thus, these regions of Russia inevitably followed the path of capitalism6 .

But along with the progress in the development of the productive forces, capitalism brought a new form of exploitation to the working people - wage labor in private enterprises owned by the Russian and emerging national bourgeoisie, as well as foreign capital, the largest monopolies like the Nobel brothers in the Baku oil industry. The working masses of the national border regions could get rid of this triple oppression only in alliance with the working people of Russia, and above all with the Russian proletariat, led by the Leninist Party. "The Russian worker," wrote V. I. Lenin as early as 1894, "is the sole and natural representative of the entire working and exploited population of Russia." 7 "With their blood," Lenin emphasized in March 1917, "the Russian workers bought the freedom of our country." 8 These words fully apply to the peoples who inhabited the outskirts of Russia.

Lenin emphasized that " under capitalism, national (and political) oppression cannot be abolished. To do this, it is necessary to abolish classes, i.e., introduce socialism. " 9 This historic mission was brilliantly fulfilled by the Russian working class. "In the October Revolution, the great world - liberation mission of the working class was profoundly and comprehensively revealed." 10 In the heroic struggle of the Russian proletariat against tsarism, the landlords and the bourgeoisie, the workers of Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, including the proletarians of local nationalities, took an active part. Here, too, workers ' actions, strikes, demonstrations took place, first social - democratic circles were formed, and then Bolshevik party organizations were formed. 11
The victory of the February bourgeois-democratic Revolution and the formation of the Provisional Government did not significantly change the situation of the oppressed peoples of Russia. Although the Provisional Government issued a declaration on the abolition of religious and national restrictions on March 20, 1917, it "in practice opposed the principle of self-determination of peoples and the territorial division of nations", relying on the following principles:

5 K. Akhmedzhanova. On the history of railway construction in Central Asia (1880-1917). Tashkent, 1965; Sh. M. Solomonov. Development of the Socialist industry of Tajikistan (1917-1965). Dushanbe, 1967; "The Victory of Soviet Power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan"; "Development of the national economy of Kazakhstan for 50 years of Soviet power". Alma-Ata, 1967; "The Rise of the Economy of Soviet Kyrgyzstan". Frunze. 1968.

6 "The victory of Soviet power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan"; "The victory of Soviet Power in Transcaucasia". Tbilisi. 1971; A. S. Sumbatzade. Socio-economic prerequisites for the victory of Soviet power in Azerbaijan; E. V. Khoshtariya. Essays on the socio-economic history of Georgia. Tbilisi. 1974.

7 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 1, p. 310.

8 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 31, p. 60.

9 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 30, p. 22.

10 "On the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution". Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of January 31, 1977, Moscow, 1977, pp. 4-5.

11 The history of the multinational working class, its revolutionary movement, as well as social-democratic and Bolshevik organizations in Transcaucasia in the pre-October period is reflected in a number of monographic studies. For recent works on this topic, see: N. K. Sarkisov. The struggle of the Baku proletariat in the years of a new revolutionary upsurge. Baku. 1965; D. D. Gadzhinsky. In the fire of the revolutionary struggle (field and factory commissions in the Baku oil industry district during the First World War). Baku. 1965; K. A. Huseynov, M. N. Naidel. Essays on the history of the trade union movement in Azerbaijan. Baku, 1966; B. Ya. Stelnik. The Baku Proletariat in the Years of Reaction (1907-1910). Baku. 1969; L. M. Alieva. Textile workers of Baku at the beginning of the XX century. Baku. 1969; G. A. Galoyan. The labor movement and the national question in Transcaucasia. 1900-1922 Yerevan. 1969; A. M. Harutyunyan. The Revolutionary movement in Armenia. 1905-1907 Yerevan. 1970; "Essays on the history of the working class of the Azerbaijan SSR", Vol. 1. Baku. 1974; "History of the working class of Soviet Uzbekistan". Tashkent, 1974, and others.

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in its policy "not only against the Russian bourgeoisie, but also against the bourgeoisie of the oppressed nations, for the latter, fearing the power of the revolutionary actions of 'their' workers and peasants, sought an alliance with the Russian bourgeoisie"12 . The example of Transcaucasia illustrates Lenin's idea that "the bourgeoisie of oppressed nations only talks about national insurrection, but in reality enters into reactionary deals with the bourgeoisie of the oppressing nation behind their backs and against their own people." 13
The behavior of the national bourgeoisie of Transcaucasia and other regions of Russia radically changed after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution. True to their class interests, the national bourgeoisie of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan sought help from the imperialist powers of Europe and America .14 In contrast to the national bourgeoisie, which, together with the feudal - clerical forces, had taken an anti-Soviet position, the proletariat of the national suburbs was even more closely united with the Russian working class, and the unity of the ranks of the multinational working class of Russia was strengthened. A convincing proof of this is the triumphal march of the Soviet government through its former suburbs .15 During the establishment of Soviet power, Russia's vast territory, including Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia, suffered temporary defeats, but in the end, the masses won everywhere, and in the course of their struggle, the country's multiethnic working class invariably fought as one for the triumph of a new, socialist system .16
The October Revolution, for the first time in the history of mankind, proclaimed not only the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and the exploitation of man by man, but also put an end to all forms of social and national oppression. In his letter to the "Communist Comrades of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, and the Mountain Republic" dated April 14, 1921, Lenin, setting them the task of "retaining and developing Soviet power as a transition to socialism," wrote: "The task is difficult, but quite feasible. Above all, it is most important that the communists of Transcaucasia understand the peculiarity of their situation, the situation of their republics, in contrast to the situation and conditions of the RSFSR, and understand the need not to copy our tactics, but to deliberately modify them in relation to the difference in specific conditions."17 . Lenin expressed the same thoughts in his letter "To the Communist Comrades of Turkestan" (November 1919), calling for "making every effort to ensure that the future of Turkestan is fully realized."

12 G. A. Galoyan. Op. ed., p. 197.

13 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 30, p. 113.

14 The anti-national nature of the activities of bourgeois-landowner circles and their political parties in these regions during the period from the victory of October to the establishment of Soviet power here is quite well studied (R. A. Nurullayev. Soviets of the Turkestan ASSR during the period of foreign military intervention and civil war. Tashkent, 1965; S. P. Pokrovsky. Defeat of foreign military interventionists and internal counter-revolution in Kazakhstan (1918-1920). Alma-Ata, 1967; M. G. Djidzheishvili. The Georgian question is in the Entente's plans. Tbilisi. 1970; "History of the Civil War in Uzbekistan". Tt. I-II. Tashkent, 1964, 1970; B. I. Iskandarov. Bukhara (1918-1920). Dushanbe. 1970; M. Irkaev. History of the Civil War in Tajikistan. 2nd ed. Dushanbe. 1971, et al.).

15 For more information, see: A. H. Babakhodjaev. The victory of Soviet power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Tashkent, 1964; Kh. Sh. Inoyatov. The victory of Soviet power in Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 1967; "The Victory of Soviet power in Transcaucasia", G. Nepesov, M. Abdullayev and others. Great October and the victory of the People's Revolution in Khorezm. Tashkent, 1971; "50 Years of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic". Tashkent, 1972; "50 years of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic". Tashkent, 1972.

16 See also N. B. Makharadze. Victory of the Socialist Revolution in Georgia. Tbilisi. 1965; same name. Victory of the Great October Revolution in Georgia. Tbilisi. 1967, et al.

17 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 43, p. 198.

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by example, by action, to establish comradely relations with the peoples of Turkestan - to prove to them by deeds the sincerity of our desire to eradicate all traces of great-Russian imperialism. " 18
By the third anniversary of the Great October Revolution, there were three state formations in Central Asia: the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR) as part of the RSFSR (proclaimed on April 30, 1918), the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (formed on the territory of the former Khiva Khanate in February 1920 as a result of the anti-feudal People's democratic revolution), and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (formed in October 1920 as a result of a popular uprising and the overthrow of the emir's power). The population of these districts consisted of Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Russians, etc. In view of this fact, Lenin, as early as June 1920, in his remarks on the draft decision of the Central Committee on the tasks of the RCP (b) in Turkestan, proposed:: "1) Instruct to draw up a map (ethnographic, etc.) of Turkestan with a division into Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. 2) Find out in more detail the conditions for merging or separating these 3 parts " 19 . These Leninist instructions were carried out as a result of the national-state division of 1924-1925, when the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR, the Tajik (from 1929 - SSR) and Kyrgyz (Kazakh) (from 1936 - SSR) ASSR, the Kara-Kyrgyz (Kirghiz) Autonomous Region (from 1926 - ASSR, from 1936-SSR). "Drawing the line of demarcation," said M. I. Kalinin, "was not an act dictated from above and contrived in the context of desk work, but became a reflection of the real aspirations and expectations of the working peoples of the Soviet East." 20
The national-state division in Central Asia became the most important political factor contributing to the formation of modern Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Kyrgyz, and Karakalpak socialist nations. However, this factor would not be effective in itself if it were not accompanied by the rise and reconstruction of the economy of Central Asia, its liberation from the remnants of exploitative classes, the emancipation of women and the cultural revolution. The working people of Central Asia could not have made all these extremely necessary and at the same time fundamental changes without the resolute support of Soviet Russia, without the help of the advanced, industrially developed regions of the RSFSR, Ukraine and other Soviet republics. That is why, as early as March 1921, the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b) set the following tasks in the field of national construction: "Now that the landlords and the bourgeoisie have been overthrown, and Soviet power has been proclaimed by the masses of the people in these countries (in the national republics - A. S.), the task of the party is to help the working masses of the non-great to catch up with the Central Russia that has gone ahead"21 . The resolution of the XII Party Congress once again emphasized: "A number of republics and peoples that have not passed or almost did not pass capitalism, do not have or almost do not have their own proletariat, and are therefore lagging behind in economic and cultural relations, are not able to fully use the rights and opportunities granted to them by national equality, are not able to rise to the to reach the highest stage of development and thus catch up with the nationalities that have gone ahead without real and lasting help from outside. " 22 This resolution and subsequent paragraphs-

18 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 304.

19 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 41, p. 436.

20 "Turkmenskaya iskra", 13. XI. 1924.

21 "The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee". Ed. 8-E. T. 2, p. 252. For more information, see: I. I. Mints. Development of V. I. Lenin's views on the creation of a new type of state. "Kommunist", 1972, N 10.

22 "The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee", vol. 2, p. 438.

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These documents fully corresponded to Lenin's position formulated in the draft Program of the RCP(b) in 1919: "Assistance to the backward and weak nations must be strengthened." 23
Convincing evidence of the fruitfulness of the Soviet state's policy of equalizing the level of the economy of the previously backward suburbs of Russia is provided by data on the outstripping growth rates of total industrial output in these regions. Even during the period of building the foundations of a socialist society in five of the eight republics of the Soviet East, according to data for 1913-1940, this indicator exceeded the all-Union level, equal to 7.7 times: in Kazakhstan it was 7.8, in Armenia-8.7 ,in Tajikistan-8.8, in Kyrgyzstan-9.9, in Georgia-1024. In close connection with industrialization, the republics of the Soviet East underwent a noticeable process of urbanization. The share of urban population in 1970 increased in comparison with 1913: in Armenia from 10 to 59%, in Turkmenistan - from 11 to 48%, in Tajikistan - from 9 to 37%, in Kyrgyzstan - from 12 to 37%, in Kazakhstan - from 10 to 50%. Although the share of urban population in Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan was quite high in the pre-revolutionary period (1913) (26%, 24%, and 24%), by 1970 this figure had also increased to 48%, 37%, and 50%, respectively) .25
In comparison with the all-Union indicator, the number of industrial workers and employees in the republics of the Soviet East also grew at a faster pace. So, if during the period 1926-1940 industrial and production personnel in the USSR as a whole increased by about 3.7 times, then in the Armenian SSR - by 5.5 times, in the Georgian SSR - by 6, in the Kazakh SSR - by 7.8, in the Uzbek SSR-by 8.2, in the Kyrgyz SSR-by 15, in the Tajik SSR - 20 times. Only in the Azerbaijan SSR was it less than the all-Union level (2.4 times), since pre-revolutionary Azerbaijan, especially thanks to Baku's oil fields, already had a large industrial and production staff .26
The development of the republics of the Soviet East in the period of building the foundations of a socialist society was also faster than in the general Union indicators in the field of agriculture. Thus, the gross output of agriculture in the USSR as a whole in

23 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 38, p. 95.

24 "National Economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", Moscow, 1972, p. 134.

25 S. I. Bruk, M. N. Guboglo. Development and interaction of ethnodemographic and ethnolinguistic processes of Soviet society at the present stage. "History of the USSR", 1974, N 4, p. 33.

26 For more details on the development of all branches of industry in the republics of the Soviet East, on the process of industrialization in these regions and its socio-economic consequences, in particular on the growth of the working class in them, see: Sh. N. Ulmasbaev, S. A. Sliva. Industrial development of Uzbekistan during the years of Soviet power. Tashkent, 1966; "Development of the national economy of Kazakhstan for 50 years of Soviet power". Alma-Ata, 1967; Sh. M. Solomonov. Edict. op.; " History of industrialization of the Kazakh SSR (1925-June 1941)". Tt. 1-2. Alma-Ata. 1967; "The rise of the economy of Soviet Kyrgyzstan". Frunze. 1968; " History of the working class of Soviet Turkmenistan (1917-1965)". Ashgabat. 1969; A. I. Khalilov. The working people of Azerbaijan are fighting for the implementation of Lenin's cooperative plan. Bahu. 1970; R. Kadymov. Workers ' struggle for the development of the oil industry. Baku. 1970; L. Teteneva, A. Ibragimova, L. Goldenberg, K. Muminov. Contribution of the workers of Uzbekistan to the creation of the material and technical base of communism. Tashkent, 1971; "History of Socialist Industrialization of Georgia". Tbilisi. 1971; M. Bagirov. From the history of industrial development in Azerbaijan (1903-1937). Baku. 1973; V. S. Bagdasarov. From the history of industrial development of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 1972; " History of the working Class of Tajikistan (1917-1970)", Vols. I-II. Dushanbe. 1972-1973; M. Alimdzhanov. The working class of Tajikistan during the construction of socialism (1933-1937). Dushanbe. 1974; "History of the working class of Soviet Uzbekistan"; M. A. Akhunova. History of the working class of Uzbekistan in the period of developed socialism (1959-1973). Tashkent, 1974; "Workers of Kyrgyzstan in the struggle to create the material and technical base of communism". Frunze. 1974, et al.

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In all categories of farms in 1940, compared with 1913, it was 141%, while in the Turkmen SSR - 148, in the Azerbaijani and Armenian SSR - 156, in the Kyrgyz SSR - 196, in the Tajik SSR - 248, in the Georgian SSR - 252%. The only republic of the Soviet East, which at that time lagged behind the all-Union level in this indicator, was the Kazakh SSR (104% against 141% of the all-Union level), but already in 1950. it outstripped the all-Union level in this sector of the economy by 17% (157% against 140%). In subsequent years, the republics of the Soviet East consistently surpassed all-Union indicators in terms of the growth rate of gross agricultural production27 .

Thanks to the implementation of radical social transformations, the social image of the republics of the Soviet East has changed, and the remnants of exploitative classes have disappeared in them. In Turkmenistan, in 1925-1927, as a result of the land and water reform, 2,298 landlords and non - laborers (mullahs, moneylenders, merchants, and other exploiters) were liquidated, the allotments of 15,199 Baisk-kulak farms were reduced, and at this expense 10,357 landless - poor and farmhands-were allocated land and water, and 23,155 small-scale farms received additional plots irrigated land. By the end of 1932, the collective farms of the TSSR already united 75% of the Daikhan farms. They accounted for 87% of the sown area, 90% of cotton crops. There were qualitative changes in the economy and social structure of the village: the collective farm became a decisive force in agricultural production, and the collective farmer became the main figure in the village. In 1937, 95.4% of the daykhans28 were already united in collective farms .

In Uzbekistan, during the implementation of two decrees of December 2, 1925 - on the nationalization of land and water and land and water reform-feudal land ownership (farms of large landowners and representatives of commercial and usurious capital) was eliminated. The size of Baysky and Kulak farms was reduced to the labor norm with the mandatory purchase of live and dead equipment from them. The areas they actually farmed were assigned to the chayrikers. Of the 6,1003 farms created on the former Bay lands, only in three oblasts (Tashkent, Ferghana and Samarkand), 28,853 were chayriker farms and 5,725 were farmhands. The number of landless farms has decreased by almost 9 times. The poor were freed from paying 7 million rubles of rent to their households and were able to use these funds for the development of agriculture .29
A little later, the decrees of December 2, 1925 were carried out in the territories of the former Khorezm and Bukhara People's Soviet Republics, in which the remnants of feudalism were relatively stronger.-

27 "National Economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 221. On the development of agriculture and socialist transformations in rural areas in the republics of the Soviet East, see: V. A. Kazachkovsky. From feudalism to the victory of socialism. Dushanbe, 1966; B. A. Tulepbaev. Implementation of the Leninist agrarian policy of the Party in the Republics of Central Asia, Moscow, 1967. The triumph of Lenin's ideas of socialist transformation of agriculture in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Moscow, 1971; "Historical experience of building socialism in the republics of Central Asia", Moscow, 1968: T. R. Kerimov. Victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the solution of the agrarian question in Tajikistan, Part I. Dushanbe, 1968; " Victory of the collective farm system in Turkmenistan (1930-1937). Ashgabat, 1968; R. H. Aminova. Agrarian transformations in Uzbekistan on the eve of complete collectivization (1925-1929). Tashkent, 1969; "History of Georgian agriculture". Tbilisi. 1972; "History of the Soviet peasantry of Kyrgyzstan". Frunze. 1972; H. N. Drikker. Overcoming multiculturalism in Tajikistan in the context of the transition from feudalism to socialism, bypassing capitalism. Dushanbe. 1973; K. Orozaliev. Historical experience of the transition of the Kyrgyz people to socialism, bypassing capitalism. Frunze. 1974, et al.

28 M. Gapurov. Half a century in a single family. Ashgabat. 1974, pp. 114, 119.

29 "The triumph of Lenin's cooperative Plan in Uzbekistan". Tashkent. 1970, pp. 85-86.

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patriarchal tribal relations, cultural backwardness (almost complete illiteracy) , and the process of dividing class forces was slower. Nevertheless, even here the poor peasant and middle peasant masses of the village supported the district land commissions. As a result of the implementation of the land and water reform in the Uzbek SSR, 4801 landowner-type farms were liquidated, land surpluses were withdrawn from 23036 farms, and 89729 farms were allocated land at this expense. After the implementation of the collectivization of agriculture and the elimination of the kulaks as a class, by the end of 1932 - beginning of 1933, in 61 districts of the republic out of 79, the unification of all dehkan farms into collective farms was completed, 74.9% of farms in the republic were co-operated .30
In Kyrgyzstan, during the period from October 1, 1926 to October 1, 1928, the number of various associations of peasant farms (communes, artels, tozs, etc.) increased from 113 to 5,800; by October 1, 1929, 84,219 farms were already co-operated, and 12592 of them were united in 535 collective farms. After the transition to a policy of complete collectivization and the elimination of the peasantry and kulaks as a class, by the end of 1934, 68.5% of the republic's farms were part of 1,752 collective farms. There were 44 state farms and 24 MTS in the republic. By this time, the socialist sector received 76.4% of all agricultural output, having 79.3% of the republic's sown acreage .31
Collectivization of agriculture in Kazakhstan was particularly rapid in the mid-1930s. If in 1928 there were only 1,881 collective farms in the republic, which united 1.8% of peasant households and 2.4% of the sown area, by 1937 these figures had increased to 97.5 and 99.8%, respectively.

The main social consequence of the transformation of the economies of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was the victory of socialist production relations in both industry and agriculture. State-farm construction has gained an impressive scale in the republic: in 1940, there were 194 state farms of all types, which had at their disposal 873.6 thousand hectares of sown area. They employed 97.3 thousand workers .32
Great October brought true liberation to women. The slave status of women among the peoples who professed Islam was a specific feature of this region before the revolution. A slave in the family, forced to go out only under a veil or burqa, deprived of all human rights, the woman dragged out a miserable existence here. "You know very well," General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev said in Baku in October 1970, " what the veil was for a woman of ill memory, which symbolized her powerless and servile position. In fact, it was not much different from a prison cell, with the only difference being that the woman carried her fence from the world on herself."33 Women were subjected to merciless exploitation. In the eastern suburbs of Russia, they were almost completely illiterate. According to data for 1905, the percentage of literate women in the Syrdarya and Ferghana oblasts and the Samarkand governorate of Turkestan did not exceed 2, 0.7, and 0.9%, respectively . 34-

30 G. R. Rizaev. Agrarian policy of the Soviet government in Uzbekistan (1917-1965). Tashkent, 1967, pp. 88-89, 92, 131.

31 S. I. Ilyasov. The victory of socialist relations in Kyrgyzstan's agriculture. Frunze. 1961, p. 26, 74.

32 "Development of the national economy of Kazakhstan for 50 years of Soviet power", pp. 362-363. For the latest works on this topic, see: F. K. Mikhailov. State farm construction in Kazakhstan (1946-1970). Alma-Ata. 1973; V. K. Savosko, I. Sh. Shamshatov. Collective farm construction in Kazakhstan (1946-1970). Alma-Ata. 1974.

33 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 3, Moscow, 1972, p. 134.

34 V. A. Kumanev. Revolution and Enlightenment of the Masses, Moscow, 1973, p. 56.

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In 1920, the literacy rate among women aged 9-49 years in Kazakhstan did not exceed 6, Uzbekistan - 5, Turkmenistan - 4.4, Kyrgyzstan - 1, Tajikistan - 0.9%. Only in Azerbaijan, it reached 12.5%35 . These data cover women of all nationalities. The literacy rate of indigenous women was, of course, even lower. Marriage customs also testified to the slave status of women in the eastern suburbs of Russia. In Kazakhstan, for example, a girl's marriage was reduced to selling her for a special ransom-kalym 36 . "Uzbek women lived in seclusion, had no rights. Their lives depended on their father, brother, and husband, who could sell them, buy them, give them away as a thing, marry them off against their will, and subject them to beatings and severe corporal punishment. Polygamy that degraded women's dignity and forced women to wear the burqa-all this was defended by the pre-revolutionary authorities as "sacred norms of sharia law"37 . The number of slaves of the Emir of Bukhara exceeded 2 thousand. Because of the unbearable living conditions and early marriage, the mortality rate among women was higher than among men .38
"There can be no socialist revolution if the vast majority of working women do not take a significant part in it," 39 Lenin pointed out. That is why the issue of the status of women was raised by the Soviet government primarily in terms of eliminating those old laws that put women in an unequal position in relation to men. This task was solved in the very first months of the Soviet regime's existence. "Of the laws that placed women in the position of subordination," Lenin wrote, "no stone has been left unturned in the Soviet Republic." 40 This was a very important step, because " it is impossible to draw the masses into politics without drawing women into politics." By actually realizing the complete emancipation of women, "the Bolshevik, Soviet revolution,"Lenin emphasized," cuts the roots of women's oppression and inequality more deeply than any party or revolution in the world has ever dared to cut them. " 41 With good reason, he wrote:: "No state or democratic legislation has done for women even half of what the Soviet government did in the first months of its existence." 42
These Leninist instructions were the basis for the activities of party organizations and Soviet authorities to liberate the women of the national suburbs of Russia.

Extensive mass explanatory and organizational work led to the fact that, for example, in the Azerbaijan SSR in three years (1928 - 1930), almost 43 thousand women dropped the veil. They went to work for industrial enterprises, joined the ranks of trade unions 43 . A similar process took place in the republics of Central Asia. On June 14, 1921, the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR abolished kalym by decree. On March 3, 1924, the Government of the Republic adopted a resolution on-

35 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 531, 544, 556, 581, 631, 644, 669.

36 M. Beisenova. What the Soviet government gave to a Kazakh woman. Alma-Ata, 1957, p. 6.

37 x. Suleymanova, T. Melnikova, E. Ershova, D. Tadjieva. Women of Uzbekistan in socialist construction. Tashkent, 1955, p. 4.

38 B. Palvanova. Victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and emancipation of Turkmen women. Ashgabat. 1957, pp. 13-14.

39 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 37, p. 185.

40 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 199.

41 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 42, pp. 368, 369.

42 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 201.

43 A. Sultanova. Happiness of an Azerbaijani woman. Baku. 1970, pp. 63, 71, 72, 90.

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formation "On improving the working conditions of women workers". The resolution of the third session of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR (October 1926) abolished polygamy and established the age of marriage (18 years). Work was carried out to involve Turkmen women in production. In 1927, the number of women workers in carpet and weaving artels increased from 659 to 5 thousand people. Three years later, 17 thousand weavers were united in carpet artels, compared to 1780 in 1927. As of October 1, 1932, the share of women among workers and employees in Turkmenistan was 34%. In 1940, 12,000 Turkmen women worked at the republic's industrial enterprises .44 In Uzbekistan, the movement for the removal of the burqa became widespread in 1926. The enemies of the new order tried to restrain women's desire for freedom. In 1928, over 200 women were killed in Uzbekistan for removing the burqa. Nevertheless, the issue of releasing Uzbek women and bringing them to trial was moving forward. As early as 1927, Khujum was declared in the republic - a movement for the firm implementation of Soviet legislation on women, for their complete emancipation and broad involvement in production .45
"For the complete emancipation of women and for their real equality with men," Lenin wrote, " it is necessary that there should be a social economy and that women should participate in general productive labor. Then the woman will occupy the same position as the man. " 46 This Leninist directive was steadily implemented in the republics of the Soviet East, as a result of which the participation of women in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan in public production became widespread. In the Turkmen SSR, the share of women in the total number of workers and employees in 1928 was 25% (against 24% in the USSR as a whole), in the Uzbek and Georgian SSR - 18%, in the Kazakh and Azerbaijani SSR - 15%, in the Armenian SSR - 14%, in the Kyrgyz SSR - 11%, in the Tajik SSR-8%. In 1950, the share of women in the total number of workers and employees in the Kyrgyz and Turkmen SSR was already 41%, in the Kazakh, Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Armenian and Georgian SSR - 40%, in the Tajik SSR - 39% against 47% in the USSR as a whole .47 This indicated that the women's issue in the republics of the Soviet East was finally resolved .48 In parallel with the widespread involvement of women in socially useful work, there was a massive elimination of illiteracy among them.

In the field of education and culture, the peoples of the Soviet East have inherited a heavy legacy from pre-revolutionary times. The mass illiteracy of the population of Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the pre-revolutionary period can be judged on the basis of data from the population census of 1897. At that time, 23.6% of the population was literate in Georgia, 9.2% in Armenia and Azerbaijan, 8.1% in Kazakhstan, 7.8% in Turkmenistan, 3.6% in Uzbekistan, 3.1% in Kyrgyzstan, and 2.3% in Tajikistan .49 In general, " by the time of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the general literacy of Uzbeks was 2%, Kazakhs-1%, Taji-

44 B. Palvanova: Edict op., p. 35, 37, 45, 55 - 57, 65 - 66, 72, 80.

45's. Suleymanova, T. Melnikova, E. Ershova, D. Khadjieva. Op. ed., pp. 18-19.

46 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 201.

47 "National economy of the USSR in 1970", Moscow, 1971, p. 517.

48 For more information, see: A. Sultanova. Edict. op.; Kh. S. Shukurova. Socialism and women of Uzbekistan. Tashkent. 1970; R. Karryeva. Emancipation of women in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Ashgabat. 1972; "The Liberated Woman of the Soviet East", Ashgabat. 1972; R. A. Nabieva. Women of Tajikistan in the struggle for socialism. Dushanbe, 1973, et al.

49 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 544, 556, 569, 581, 631, 644, 656, 669.

page 49

Kazakhs - 0.9%, Turkmen-0.7%, Kyrgyz-0.6 % " 50 . This was primarily due to the extremely small number of schools, especially in pre-revolutionary Central Asia. Thus, in the Transcaspian region in 1918 - 1919 there were only 39 schools, and only 13 of them were Turkmen; in Tajikistan in 1911 there were only 10 primary schools, in which only 369 children were educated. Although in 1914-1915 in Uzbekistan, in addition to primary schools, there were 25 secondary and secondary special schools with 7 thousand students, education was conducted in them only in Russian. In Kyrgyzstan, there were 234 mektepkhane (confessional schools) with instruction in Arabic, 107 Russian schools, and no secular Kyrgyz schools .51
Although immediately after the victory of Soviet power, public education was widely developed in the republics of the Soviet East, the literacy rate of the population even by 1926 (with the exception of Georgia - 44.1%) remained still low: in Armenia - 15.3, in Azerbaijan-19.7, in Turkmenistan-8.7, in Uzbekistan-8, in Tajikistan - 3.1%, in Kyrgyzstan - 3.5%, in Kazakhstan - 18.3% 52 .

Lenin repeatedly stressed the need to eliminate the illiteracy of the country's population. "From saved money... billions, "he wrote," to spend at least half of them on the elimination of illiteracy and on reading rooms","it is impossible to build a communist society in an illiterate country" 53 . Only as a result of the elimination of mass illiteracy through the creation of educational programs, a large number of primary and secondary schools in the 30s-40s, there was a sharp jump in the proportion of literates among the population of the republics of the Soviet East. According to the census of 1939, the share of literates in Georgia rose to 89.3%, in Armenia - to 83.9%, in Azerbaijan - to 82.8%, in Turkmenistan - to 77.7%, in Uzbekistan - to 78.7%, in Tajikistan - to 82.8%, in Kyrgyzstan - to 79.8%, in Kazakhstan - to 83.6%. Thus, by the end of the period of building the foundations of a socialist society in the USSR, more than 3 /4 of the population of the former eastern suburbs of Russia were literate people. Completely illiteracy among the population of these republics was eliminated on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, by 1972,54 .

Eliminating the illiteracy of the population was the first, but not the only, task of the cultural revolution. It was necessary to "turn an uncultured and savage capitalist country into a cultured communist country," and for this "in addition to literacy, we need cultured, class-conscious, educated working people." 55 This could be achieved primarily through the extensive development of primary, secondary and special (secondary and higher) education. Implementation of this task began in Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan in the early years of Soviet rule. The rapid growth of the network of primary schools with instruction in the native language of the peoples of the republics of the Soviet East is illustrated by data on the number of schools and the number of students in the 1927/28 and 1940/41 academic years. If in 1927/28 in eight republics of the Soviet East there were 11095 primary schools with 775.3 thousand students, then in 1940/41. -

50 K. Karakeev. From the history of cultural construction in Kyrgyzstan. Frunze. 1968, p. 55.

51 G. A. Ataev, M. M. Mollaeva. Science and Culture of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat. 1974, p. 10; " National education in the USSR (1917-1967)", Moscow, 1967, p.494.

52 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 544, 556, 569, 581, 631, 644, 656, 669.

53 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 54, p. 110; vol. 41, p. 315.

54 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 544, 556, 569, 581, 631, 644, 656, 669.

55 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 38, p. 143; vol. 42, p. 161.

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There are already 15,661 primary schools with 1,182,000 students. In addition, in 1940/41 there were 11,995 secondary schools with 3,716,000 students. This is another confirmation of the validity of L. I. Brezhnev's words that "if we use school terminology, we can say that the most strict history teacher gave our country the highest score in the subject of "public education" 56.

In the first decades of Soviet power, the foundations of higher education in the Soviet East were laid. Its first-born students were the Universities of Tbilisi (founded in 1918) and Baku (founded in 1919). By 1927/28, there were two higher educational institutions in Armenia, three in Uzbekistan, and one in Kazakhstan. In 1940/41, there were 46 universities in Transcaucasia, 47 in the republics of Central Asia, and 20 in Kazakhstan, respectively, with 54.2 thousand, 27.5 thousand, and 10.4 thousand students, that is, a total of 113 higher educational institutions with 92.1 thousand students. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, in 1970/71, 146 universities with 797.6 thousand students were already functioning in these republics .57
No books were published on the territory of pre-revolutionary Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan before the revolution, in Turkmenistan their circulation in 1913 was no more than 0.4 thousand, in Kazakhstan - only 4 thousand copies. The situation in Uzbekistan was somewhat better (100 thousand copies). Consequently, the circulation of books in Central Asia and Kazakhstan was then only 104.4 thousand copies. The victory of the Soviet government gave a huge boost to the development of book publishing. Already in 1922, the circulation of books in Uzbekistan alone reached 1,800 thousand, in Turkmenistan - 133 thousand, in Kyrgyzstan - 111 thousand copies. In 1940, the circulation of books in the four republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR was 23251 thousand, and by 1971 it had increased to 74 million copies. Although in comparison with Central Asia, the circulation of books published in Transcaucasia in the pre-revolutionary period was more significant (for example, in Georgia in 1913 it was 965 thousand copies), nevertheless, there was a huge jump: 13411 thousand copies - in 1940, 40.3 million copies-in 1971. During the period 1922-1940, the total circulation of books in the republics of the Soviet East increased from 2,747,000 to 36,662,000, and by 1971 it amounted to more than 114 million copies .58 During the years of Soviet power, the production of fiction in the languages of the peoples of the Soviet East gained an exceptional scale. Thus, in 1918-1970, 6973 books were published in Georgian, 4173 in Armenian, 3,725 in Azerbaijani, 3,329 in Uzbek, 3,132 in Kazakh, 1,948 in Kyrgyz, 1,426 in Tajik, 1,349 in Turkmen, 541 in Karakalpak, and 486 in Abkhazian. huge print runs 59 . "We do our best to help each nation develop independently and freely, and to promote and disseminate literature in its native language, " wrote V. I. Lenin. Such are the truly gigantic successes of book publishing in the eight Union republics of the Soviet East.

In the pre-revolutionary period in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, newspapers were not published at all. In Turkmenistan, their one-time circulation did not exceed 6 thousand copies. The situation was somewhat better in Kazakhstan (36 thousand) and Uzbekistan (44 thousand). In Transcaucasia, the circulation of newspapers is as follows:-

56 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 2, Moscow, 1970, pp. 221-222.

57 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 554, 567, 579, 592, 642, 654, 667, 679.

58 Ibid.

59 Yu. D. Desheriev. Regularities of the development of literary languages of the peoples of the USSR in the Soviet era, Moscow, 1976, p. 403.

60 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 114. For more information, see: P. Asimov, Yu. D. Desheriev. Soviet experience in the development of national cultures on the basis of native languages, Moscow, 1972.

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The total number of copies sold was 231,000, including 164,000 in Georgia 61 . Bearing in mind Lenin's definition that " a newspaper is not only a collective propagandist and collective agitator, but also a collective organizer,"62 the party and Soviet organs of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan have always paid exclusive attention to the press. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the USSR (1971), the one-time circulation of newspapers published here was more than 17.1 million copies. A similar pattern is observed with the annual circulation of magazines and other periodicals. Before the revolution, such publications did not exist in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 1971, in eight republics of the Soviet East, the annual circulation of periodicals was an impressive figure-246759 thousand copies.

Before the revolution (1913), there were no libraries in Central Asia, 63 in Transcaucasia and 139 in Kazakhstan.In 1971, there were 25,344 libraries in eight republics of the Soviet East. In the vast territory of Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, before the revolution, there was not a single club institution. In 1971, 18,693 clubs operated here.

The Great October Socialist Revolution raised the peoples of the outskirts of tsarist Russia to the heights of science. There were no scientific institutions in Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan before 1917. In Turkmenistan, there were four of them, but each had no more than eight researchers, in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan-two each with 200 researchers. In 1940, there were already 437 scientific institutions in these republics with 12.4 thousand scientific workers .63 This allowed the creation of republican academies of sciences in Georgia (1941), Armenia and Uzbekistan (1943), Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan (1945) during the Great Patriotic War. Somewhat later, academies of sciences were established in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan (1951) and Kyrgyzstan (1954). In the post-war decades, the increase in the number of scientific institutions and the number of researchers was observed: by 1971, the number of scientific institutions in these republics increased by more than 2 times (up to 1,016) and the number of researchers increased by more than 9.6 times (up to 119.1 thousand) .64
Of course, not all scientists working in the republics of the Soviet East belong to indigenous nationalities, but there is no doubt about the rapid growth of scientific personnel from representatives of local nationalities, especially in the post-war decades. In 1950, there were 162,508 researchers in the USSR, and in 1971 - 100,2930. Consequently, their number increased 6.2 times over the specified period. Over the same years, the number of researchers from the nationalities of the republics of the Soviet East has increased: in Kyrgyzstan - 22.3 times, Uzbekistan-15.2 times, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan - 15 times, Kazakhstan - 11.8 times, Azerbaijan - 7.2 times. Indicators in Armenia (5.7 times) and Georgia (4.5 times) were lower than in the whole Union, which is explained by the presence of a significant number of indigenous scientists in these republics up to that time: 4263 - in Georgia and 3,864 - in Armenia (1950)65 . As a result of the implementation of Lenin's national policy, thanks to the help of Russian scientists and with the close assistance of the USSR Academy of Sciences and other scientific centers

61 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 554, 567, 579, 592, 642, 654, 667, 679.

62 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 5, p. 11.

63 "National economy of the USSR. 1922-1972", p. 554, 568, 580, 593, 642 655, 668, 679.

64 Ibid., p. 106.

65 Ibid., p. 554, 568, 580, 593, 642, 655, 668, 679.

page 52

National cadres of scientists were created in the republics of the Soviet East. "Even today," said L. I. Brezhnev, "it is no longer possible to talk about the achievements of Soviet scientists without taking into account the outstanding discoveries of the glorious national detachments of our Soviet science." 66
The Soviet government created the most favorable conditions for the development of national languages. Dozens of ethnic groups and ethnicities have acquired written language in our country for the first time .67 In the republics of the Soviet East, the proportion of people who called their native language their nationality ranged from 92.3% to 99% during all the years of Soviet rule .68 At the same time, a significant part of the indigenous peoples of these regions consider Russian as their second language. According to the 1970 census, the proportion of representatives of the indigenous nationalities of these republics who are fluent in Russian is 41% among Kazakhs, 30.1% among Armenians, 21.3% among Georgians, 19.1% among Kyrgyz, 16.6% among Azerbaijanis, 15.4% among Turkmens and Tajiks, and 14.5% among Uzbeks .69 And this is quite natural. Lenin wrote as early as 1913 that the economic development needs of the nationalities living in one state "will determine by themselves the language of a given country, which is beneficial for the majority to know... And this definition will be all the more solid if it is adopted voluntarily by the population of different nations, the faster and more widely, the more consistent democracy will be."70
In the course of history, it is the Russian language that has become a powerful means of communication and international education for our country. The growing process of learning the Russian language by all the peoples of our country "has a positive significance, as it contributes to the mutual exchange of experience and familiarization of each nation and nationality with the cultural achievements of all other peoples of the USSR and to world culture" 71 . During the 1970 census, 141.8 million people indicated Russian as their native language, including 128.8 million Russians and 13 million representatives of other nationalities; 41.9 million people of non-Russian nationality named Russian as their second language, which they are fluent in .72 However, " the presence of a language of interethnic communication and its increasing role does not mean that the function of national languages is curtailed... The language of interethnic communication functions simultaneously with national languages and serves the Soviet people as an interethnic community. " 73 Having largely developed their literary languages in the Soviet era in the process of mutual influence and mutual enrichment with other peoples of the USSR and especially with the Russian people, the peoples of the Soviet East received the widest opportunity to develop diverse spheres of literary creativity.

During the years of Soviet power, various spheres of art, science, and socio-political thought flourished in the republics of the Soviet East, and as a result, the entire complex of socialist in content, international in spirit, and national in form culture was fully formed .74 Such a profound transformation-

66 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 5, Moscow, 1976, p. 364.

67 V. A. Kumanev. Op. ed., pp. 183-191.

68 S. M. Bruk, M. N. Guboglo. Op. ed., p. 40.

69 Ibid., p. 44.

70 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 23, pp. 424-425.

71 "Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", Moscow, 1976, p. 115.

72 " Results of the All-Union Population Census. 1970". Vol. IV. M. 1973, p. 5.

73 V. P. Sherstobitov. The formation of the USSR and the historical destinies of the peoples of our country. "History of the USSR", 1972, N 3, p. 38.

74 Ts. P. Kalandadze. Cultural Revolution in Georgia. Tbilisi. 1963; D. G. Maisuradze. Culture of Soviet Georgia. Tbilisi. 1965; K. S. Khudaverdyan. Cultural Revolution in Soviet Armenia. 1920-1940 Yerevan, 1966; Moscow Metro station.

page 53

Without the help of the Russian people and their working class and intelligentsia, the peoples of the former suburbs of Russia could not have achieved fundamental changes in all spheres of life.

The great achievements of the peoples of the Soviet East in all areas of communist construction are a vivid testimony to "the creative power of cooperation and mutual assistance of the peoples of our country, led by the great Russian people, who played a decisive role in the national and social liberation of the peoples of former tsarist Russia, and rendered them invaluable assistance in the flourishing of

Marxism-Leninism and the precepts of the brilliant leader of the Great October Socialist Revolution and founder of the Soviet State, V. I. Lenin, are the guiding star for all the peoples of the USSR, including the peoples of the Soviet East, who have passed all the stages of socialist construction, withstood the harsh trials of the war years, and built a developed socialist society .76 The leading, organizing and mobilizing force in carrying out grandiose transformations of the socio - economic, political and cultural life of the peoples of the Soviet East throughout the entire post-October period was the Communist Party created and nurtured by Lenin .77 "The entire heroic history of the Soviet people, its military and labor victories, its outstanding achievements are inextricably linked

Kim. Velikiy Oktyabr i kul'turnaya revolyutsiya v SSSR [The Great October and the Cultural Revolution in the USSR]. Moscow, 1967; S. Yu. Yusupov. Essay on the history of cultural and educational work in Soviet Kyrgyzstan (1918-1965). Frunze. 1967; K. K. Karakeev. Edict. op.; M. R. Shukurov. History of the cultural life of Soviet Tajikistan (1917-1941). Part I. Dushanbe. 1970; S. Daniyarov. Implementation of the Cultural Revolution in Kyrgyzstan. Frunze. 1972; I. D. Chercheev. Cultural Revolution in Turkmenistan (1925-1937). Ashgabat. 1970; " Cultural History of Soviet Turkmenistan (1917-1970)". Ashgabat. 1975; N. A. Pashaev. Victory of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Azerbaijan, Moscow, 1976.

75 G. A. Aliyev. On the preparation for the 60th anniversary of Great October and the implementation by the party organization of the republic of the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU on improving the efficiency of production and the quality of work. "Baku worker", 21. IV. 1977. For more information on the role of the Russian people in the development of the republics of the Soviet East, see: S. A. Radzabo V. The role of the Russian people in the historical destinies of the peoples of Central Asia. Tashkent, 1965; G. Nepesov. Big brother's help. Nukus, 1968; P. A. Azizbekova, A. Mnatsakanyan, M. Treskunov. Soviet Russia in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power in Transcaucasia. Baku. 1969; "Kyrgyzstan in the fraternal family of the peoples of the USSR". Frunze. 1970; "Kazakhstan in the unbreakable family of fraternal republics". Alma-Ata, 1972.

76 On Lenin's many-sided activity in reviving the peoples of the Soviet East, see: "V. I. Lenin-a Friend of the peoples of the East". Baku, 1967; Sh. Z. Urazaev, V. I. Lenin and the Construction of Soviet statehood in Turkestan. Tashkent, 1967; B. V. Lunin, V. I. Lenin and the Peoples of Central Asia. Tashkent, 1967; Sh. Sh. Abdullayev, A. I. Zevelev. Lenin and the Historical Destinies of the Peoples of Central Asia, Moscow, 1968; " V. I. Lenin and the Development of the Oil Industry." Ashgabat. 1969; S. Z. Zimanov, V. I. Lenin and Soviet statehood in Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata. 1970; "V. I. Lenin and issues of state and legal construction of the Azerbaijan SSR". Baku. 1970; S. N. Pokrovsky. Lenin and the victory of Soviet power in Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata. 1970; G. B. Garibjanyan. Lenin and Transcaucasia. Tt. 1-2. Yerevan. 1970-1973; his own. V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks of Transcaucasia. M. 1971; Ts. P. Agayan. V. I. Lenin and the creation of the Transcaucasian Soviet Republics. Yerevan. 1976, et al.

77 The following works are devoted to the implementation of Lenin's teaching on the national question in our country: A. Karryev, Yu.E. Permyak. Lenin's Friendship of Peoples. Ashgabat. 1969; R. B. Suleymanov. Lenin's ideas of the Cultural Revolution and their implementation in Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata. 1970; "Leninism and the experience of building socialism in the Republics of the Soviet East". Frunze. 1970; S. A. Radzhabov, V. I. Lenin and the Soviet National Statehood. Dushanbe. 1970; T. Usubaliev. Leninism is a great source of friendship and brotherhood of peoples. Moscow, 1972; Sh. R. Rashidov. Leninism is the banner of liberation and progress of peoples. Tashkent, 1972; J. B. Guliyev. Under the banner of Lenin's national policy. Baku. 1972; "Under Lenin's banner of socialist internationalism". Baku. 1972; Zh. Zhumabekov. Leninskaya road. Alma-Ata. 1973; " The triumph of Lenin's ideas of proletarian internationalism. Based on the materials of the Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (1917-1972)", Moscow, 1974.

page 54

They are connected with the activities of the Party as the guiding and guiding force of our society. "
In the light of all this, it is clear how far from reality the claims of the bourgeois falsifiers of history about the "colonial situation" of the republics of the Soviet East within the USSR are. 79 The Leninist national policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government ensured the full equality of all the peoples of our country, regardless of their number. In a single powerful family of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., the peoples of the Soviet East, having forever thrown off national and social oppression, achieved an unprecedented flourishing of their economy and culture, and thereby showed the greatest advantages of socialism.

78 "On the 60th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution", p. 13. On the activities of the CPSU in the republics of the Soviet East at all stages of the development of Soviet society, see: "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan". Baku, 1963; "Essays on the history of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan". Alma-Ata, 1963; "Essays on the history of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan". Tashkent, 1964; "Essays on the history of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan", 2nd ed. Ashgabat. 1965; "Essays on the history of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan". Frunze. 1966; "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Armenia". Yerevan, 1967; "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Georgia". Tbilisi. 1967; "Essays on the history of Communist organizations in Transcaucasia", Part I. Tbilisi. 1967; part II. Baku. 1971; "Essays on the history of the Communist Party of Tajikistan", 2nd ed. Dushanbe, 1968.

79 Well-reasoned criticism of such falsifications is contained in the following works: A. Nusupbekov, H. Bisenov. Falsification of history and historical truth. Alma-Ata, 1964; G. A. Dzhangiladze. Criticism of the bourgeois falsification of the CPSU's national policy. Tbilisi. 1964; R. A. Tuzmukhamedov. Response to slanderers. Self-determination of the peoples of Central Asia and International Relations, Moscow, 1969; B. I. Marushkin. Istoriya i politika [History and Politics], Moscow, 1969, pp. 241-254. Soviet national politics and bourgeois historians. The Formation of a Multinational Soviet State (1917-1922) in Modern American Historiography, Moscow, 1971; T. A. Kocharli. Against the falsifiers of history (The history of the Socialist Revolution in Azerbaijan in the crooked mirror of bourgeois falsifiers). Baku. 1972 (in Azerbaijani); G. A. Khidoyatov. Truth versus lies. Tashkent, 1964; same name. Lenin's national Program and the modern ideological struggle. Tashkent, 1972; Kh. Sh. Inoyatov. Lenin's national Policy in action. Answer to the ideologues of anti-communism who distort the historical experience of building socialism in the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Tashkent, 1973.

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