The 17th-century Russian manuscript newspaper Vesti-Chimes often published translations from the Tsesar (German) and Dutch printed chimes. In 1669, a message from Paris described in detail the reception on November 19, 1669 of the Turkish ambassador Mustafei Feregi (variant in P.-Mustof Fereg ) by a high-ranking French dignitary de Lyon (variant in Lyon), who held the post of foreign minister under the king: "... the ambassador sent all his people, including an interpreter, and talked among themselves for more than two hours after that, drinks were brought to tukada and sorvet [further crossed out: "they brought g(o)s(po)d(i)nu de Lyon on their knees and the ambassador stood up and dismissed evo with good pleasure (...)"]."

Our attention was drawn to the name of the drink sorvet in a somewhat unusual announcement. Since the reception of the Turkish ambassador at the French royal court took place according to the" Turkish zvychay as it is conducted at the Saltan court", it was natural to assume that this interesting and picturesque description refers to a drink of Oriental origin. First of all, the name of the sorbet came to mind. When the word sorbet is used, the modern reader first of all gets the idea of "milk-flavored fudge of different colors with crushed nuts." This is how one of the three meanings of the word sherbet is defined in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by A. P. Evgenieva (Moscow, 1984).

The first meaning is "oriental fruit soft drink", although it is less relevant and earlier in modern Russian, in the second meaning, close to the modern " thick sweet mass made from fruit, coffee, chocolate and sugar (often with nuts)". The late nature of the origin of the meaning "confectionary of Eastern origin" is confirmed by the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" under the editorship of D. N. Ushakov, who almost 60 years ago did not yet note this meaning in the word sherbet. How to use it-

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Scientific Research (project No. 98-04-06141).

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For borrowing, the 4-volume dictionary and the Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language (M.-L., 1965) cite the Turkish sarbat, from Arabic.

Similar eastern etymologies for the name sherbet are also found in other dictionaries: Dal V. I. "Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian Language (1882;" tursk. Romanian, water with jam, sweetened water"), Miklosich F. Die turkischen Elemente in den sudost-und osteuropaischen Sprachen (H. II. Wien, 1884); separate print from the XXXV volume of Notes of the Philosophical and Historical class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (serbet ( ... ) ar. ein Trinken, Wein, turk. Trank, sorbet, usw. buld serbet, sirbet, serbetii, serbe, serbet, serbetasce Geschenk auf Meth, rum Serbet, Serbedziu, griech griech (...) kurd. Serbet; " Comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language "(1896; Turk. sharbat "syrup"); Radlov V. "Experience of the dictionary of Turkic dialects" (1911; from other Hebrew (...) sharabem from arab. sharbat "drink made from water, sugar [syrup ]and lemon juice, lemonade"),

As for the time of penetration of the word sherbet into the Old Russian script, the earliest undistorted documentary evidence of its fixation should be considered the indication of N. N. Polyakova in her PhD thesis " The history of names of beverages in the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries "(Moscow, 1982 - IRA of the USSR Academy of Sciences) with reference to the Proskinite Arseny Sukhanov (73,1649 - 1653): "and until then, on Wednesday, on Friday, and in Lent, sherbet was served with sugar by the patriarch himself." Proskinitarium - description of a trip to the holy places of the city of Jerusalem. Fasmer's reference in his dictionary to the fact that the word shert appears in the works of the sixteenth-century Russian publicist Ivan Peresvetov is a misunderstanding.

Indeed, in the list "Tales of Magmet-Saltan" by I. S. Peresvetov in the collection dating back to the thirties of the XVII century, we read "shert. pit". But the suspicion immediately creeps in that this spelling is a typo (the syllable be is omitted). Indeed, this is how this "word" is interpreted in the fifth edition of the "Anthology on Ancient Russian Literature of the XI-XVII centuries" by N. K. Gudziya (Moscow, 1952), where the corrected reading is given in the footnote: "sherbet is a drink". Fasmer refers specifically to this edition of N. K. Gudzii's "Anthology". But it does not specify the page correctly: 264 instead of 266 and omits the corrected subscript reading. In the " Anthology on the history of the Russian Language "(compiled by V. V. Ivanov, T. A. Sumnikova, N. P. Pankratova, Moscow, 1990), this passage is also interpreted in note 8 as a typo. It is very likely that the word itself was known in the monuments of Central Russian writing already in the middle of the XVI century and was in the protograph "Tales of Magmet-Saltan" by I. S. Peresvetov, which was written around 1547: the vocabulary when rewriting old texts is usually preserved unchanged. But assert it with

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we cannot be completely certain, since the protograph of I. A. Peresvetov himself has not reached us. We know of two editions of the text "Tales of Magmet-Saltan", but both according to the late list of the XVII century (CHOIDR. M., 1908. Book 1 [ed. by V. F. Rzhigoy] and "Works of I. S. Peresvetov". M.-L., 1954). As evidenced by the discrepancies cited by V. F. Rzhiga, when rewriting the" Legend " in the XVII century, this place was subjected to further distortions: shert(b) turned into wool.

So far, we have been talking about the vowel of sherbet, which goes back to eastern sources: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. In our case: rip it off. To clarify the reasons for the appearance of these consonants, we will first focus on one variation that, in our opinion, is directly relevant to this case. Several times in the text of the message from Paris there was a correction: de Lyonnais (from te Lyonnais). We are talking about the Secretary of State (the so-called post of Minister of Foreign Affairs) under the French King Louis XIV South de Lyon (Secretary of State from 1662 to 1671). In these years, all practical diplomacy was concentrated in his hands, and he was responsible, in particular, for conversations with ambassadors about peace treaties (about him for more details, see: Borisov Yu. V. Diplomacy of Louis XIV. Moscow, 1991). Turkey, as far as we know, did not have an official representative in France at that time, and the Turkish "Ambassador Mustafei Fereg" apparently performed the functions of a "special" ambassador, that is, an ambassador at large, while in Paris.

Replacing w with d and reproducing the French silent e at the end of the word is evidence that the spelling of the name passed through German mediation (recall that the translation was made "from the Caesar and Dutch chimes"). Traces of the same mediation we can expect when reproducing the spelling will break.

Indeed, in the German Dictionary of the brothers Grimm, it is noted that sorbet is a sweet refreshing drink on the Turkish and Persian model, in the simplest form consisting of tincture with water on raisins, then mixed with lemon juice, sugar and ambergris or other aromatic substances and consumed chilled (Grimm J. und Grimm W. Deutsches Worterbuch. Bd. X Abt. 1. Leipzig, 1905). According to the Grimms, the German name goes back to the Italian sorhetto and corresponds to the French sorbet and Spanish sorhete. They base the German words on the Turkic, Persian, and Arabic schorhet, without denying the possibility of the influence of the Latin sorhete.

Since the beginning of the XVIII century (1727), the spelling scherbet, tscherhet, which corresponds directly to the eastern form, has been registered in German. It can be assumed that the word was borrowed into German twice from different languages: the first time-from Italian, the second-from Eastern languages. Both of these forms are still supported by-

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they exist in German. Such "double" borrowing in one language is not uncommon, it reflects contacts with different languages over the course of a history that spans more than one century.

The replacement of the German h by the Russian v can be explained as a change that goes back to the variation of h/w on the basis of Old German dialects. V. M. Zhirmunsky in the" History of the German Language " (Moscow, 1956) pointed out that the Middle High German combination of consonants rw (the Middle High German period is the XII-XIII centuries) evolved towards novonemetsky rh (early Novonemetsky is the XIV-XVI centuries). Of course, the rw -> rh transition was completed before the 17th century, but for some German dialects, the old pronunciation may have been delayed for a later time. In general, the preservation of archaic phonetic phenomena in dialects is not uncommon. It is possible that in the German original there was v (w) in the spelling of the word. We cannot judge this with complete certainty, since we do not have the original Western European chimes.

Next, you need to check the possibility of the Dutch version replacing h with v. The modern Dutch sorbet is taken from the Large Dutch Dictionary of the van Dale Language. Van Dale considers the source of the Dutch word to be the Arabic sarbat (Dale van. Groot Woordenbock des Nederlandse Jaal. D. II's Gravenhage, 1976).

S. A. Mironov in the book" The formation of the literary norm of the modern Dutch language " (Moscow, 1973) writes: "Comparing the consonantal phoneme systems of both variants of Middle Dutch [XII-XV centuries-c. D.] and modern Dutch [the New Netherland period begins with the XVI century and stands out as a transitional stage to the modern period. - V. D. ) as two chronologically distant synchronous sections reflecting different states or stages of evolution of the phonological system of the Dutch language, we find the following discrepancies between them: (...) 3) in anlaut [the beginning of the word. - V. D.), a new , labiodental phoneme w [coinciding with Russian (b). - V. D.] was fixed, replacing the old bilabial [coinciding with Russian b. - V. D. ]..."

That is, historically in the Dutch language, the movement occurred in the opposite direction to that in German. If we denote these sounds with Russian letters, we get the following picture of evolution: in it. [b] -> [b], in the Netherlands [b] - > [c].

Thus, it is equally possible to interpret the transition b - > c on both German and Dutch soil. But here it is necessary to emphasize one difference: with the " German "version of the interpretation, [b] is explained as archaism, with the "Dutch" - as a neoplasm. But since in Dutch this transition affected only the position of an laut, and in German it took place in the position of the middle of the word (inlaut)

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after r, the explanation of the sorbet -> sorvet transition based on the German language seems more likely for the Courant example.

As for the s/w alternation at the beginning of the drink name, it clearly outlines the western migration routes of the word (initial s-) and its eastern ranges (initial w-). The question of whether the convergence of "western" and "eastern" areas is legitimate within the framework of chronologically in-depth etymology is quite debatable. Grimm's " German dictionary "(already mentioned) admits that all Western variants with s - go back to the Latin sorbere"to absorb, absorb (water), suck up, swallow". In this case, the Italian sorbetto as the main direct source of the German, French, Spanish, Polish (sorbet) names of the drink should be considered as a passive preterialal ( preterit - past, past) participle with the meaning "absorbed, swallowed by water".

The second explanation: variations of s-/w - could have already taken place on Arabic soil, reflecting the possibilities of different reading (and maybe pronunciation?) the Arabic letters sin and shin, which differed only in punctuation, as in the case of the Hebrew sin and shin. But this explanation needs to be tested for variations on the basis of Eastern languages. In any case, it is necessary to note the presence in the dictionaries of the Arabic sarhat (in van Dale) and the Turkic sorbet (in Miklosic).

The variant name sorbet sorvet shows how important it is to take into account Western European data when studying the migration of orientalisms (words of Eastern origin) in Central Russian texts. Vesti-Chimes of the 17th century as Russian translations from Western European newspapers are able to provide us with little-known or completely unknown information about the ways of this migration, which it is possible to trace on the example of individual words.

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