Libmonster ID: UZ-1529
Author(s) of the publication: M. A. Akhunova

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR M. A. Akhunova (Tashkent)

On October 27, 1924, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR legislated the national-state division of Central Asia. This day became the day of formation of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Over the 60 years of its history, Soviet Uzbekistan has become an important economic, including industrial, region of the USSR. Such branches of the national economy as energy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, gas production, etc. have been widely developed in the republic. Its multinational working class is the bearer of socialist ideology and social relations of cooperation and mutual assistance.

It is no accident that the history of the working class of the republic attracts the attention of scientists. The range of research on various aspects of this problem is constantly expanding, and its historiography is being updated with new generalizing works, monographs, thematic collections, and articles in all-Union and republican scientific periodicals. The growing role of the working class in the life of Soviet society and the qualitative changes that occur in it under the conditions of developed socialism are thoroughly analyzed in numerous scientific forums.

The modern working class of Uzbekistan is one of the republican detachments of the Soviet working class, which plays a crucial role in solving the main task of the party and the people - the task of improving developed socialism1 . K. U. Chernenko, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, emphasized at a meeting with workers of the Moscow metallurgical plant "Hammer and Sickle" that the working class is "at the forefront of the struggle to accelerate the development of the country's economy." 2
Historians of Uzbekistan have considered the dynamics of growth of the working class of the republic, shown its qualitative changes, increased creative activity at all stages of building socialism, the leading role of the CPSU in these processes, and paid attention to other issues. The three - volume History of the Working Class of Uzbekistan (Tashkent, 1964-1966) and a number of other generalizing works were published. 3 To a worker

1 See Chernenko K. U. Actual issues of ideological, mass-political work of the party. In: Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, June 14-15, 1983. Stenogr. otch. M. 1983, p. 9; his. The people and the party are united. Speech at a meeting with voters of the Kuibyshev electoral district of Moscow. March 2, 1984, Moscow, 1984, p. 19; et al.

2 Pravda, 30. IV. 1984.

3 History of the working class of Soviet Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 1974; Islamdzhanova M. The working class in the vanguard of scientific and technological progress (in the Uzbek SSR). Tashkent, 1980; Shister G. A., Gurevich M. N. Leadership of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan in training workers in the conditions of developed socialism. Tashkent, 1981; Grigoryants A. A. Party leadership of socialist competition at the stage of developed socialism (in the Uzbek SSR). Tashkent, 1981; and others.

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Articles published in local scientific publications are devoted to the class of Uzbekistan at the present stage 4 . Together, these works characterize the processes that occur in the working class of the republic, the growth of its social activity and the factors that stimulate it, as well as the state of knowledge of this problem.

However, historians are constantly faced with new challenges, as important changes are taking place in the life, activities, structure and composition of the working class of the republic, which require a deep and comprehensive study. So, in the research devoted to the working class of Uzbekistan at the present stage, it is necessary to pay more attention to such issues as the role of the working class in accelerating scientific and technological progress, introducing new equipment into production, workers ' participation in production management, improving ideological work in enterprises, strengthening the political and creative activity of the working class, the process of its internationalization. This article attempts to highlight the role of the working class in the social structure of Uzbekistan, the sources of replenishment of its ranks, its importance as the leading force of socialist society in the development of scientific and technological progress, as well as the strengthening of the alliance of the working class with the peasantry and technical intelligentsia at the stage of developed socialism.

The Party has always paid great attention to the growth of the national detachments of the Soviet working class, and today the workers constitute the largest social group in all the Union republics, including the Uzbek SSR. At the stage of developed socialism, significant quantitative and qualitative changes took place in the working class of Uzbekistan, in particular, the growth of its ranks at the expense of representatives of local nationalities. If in 1920 there were 20 thousand workers and employees in the republic, now its national economy employs more than 3.5 million workers, most of whom are representatives of local nationalities. From 1959 to 1979, while the total number of workers grew 2.7 times, the national workforce grew 3.7 times .5 Labor collectives became more and more international-

4 Teteneva L. G., Akilov K. A. Dynamism of scientific and technical creativity of the working class of Uzbekistan at the present stage. - Social Sciences in Uzbekistan( ONU), Tashkent, 1980, N 10; Yuldasheva D. G. The struggle of industrial workers of the Uzbek SSR for technical progress (1971-1980). - ONU, 1980, N 11; it is the same. Socialist competition in the industry of Uzbekistan in honor of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU. - ONU, 1981, N 3; Turakulova Kh. Development of patronage assistance of the working class of Uzbekistan to the peasantry at the present stage. - Ibid.; Sultanov M. On the historiography of the creative activity of the working class of Uzbekistan in the conditions of developed socialism (1966-1975). - ONU, 1981, N 4; Ustinova V. I. Development of the mentor movement in the UzSSR industry at the present stage. - ONU, 1981, N 5; Akilov K., Barakaev D. The working class of Uzbekistan and the development of artistic culture. - ONU, 1981, N 10; their own. The working class and the development of the culture of socialist life in Uzbekistan at the present stage. - ONU, 1982, N 6; Urmanov M. U. Growth of scientific and technical creativity of the working class of Uzbekistan at the present stage. - ONU, 1981, N 9; Finogenov V. F. Activity of the CPSU to strengthen the role of the working class in the construction of communism; Shister G. A., Gurevich M. N. Increasing the leading role of the party in improving the training of workers in the system of vocational education. - Collection of scientific works of TASHGU named after V. I. Lenin, 1981, N 655; Kunavina G. S. The role of the Communist Party in the development of creative activity of the working class in the conditions of developed socialism. - Ibid.; Podlipskaya T. M. Leadership of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan in preparing a young shift of the working class of the Republic (1971-1975). - Ibid.; Kireev F. S. Permanent production meetings - an important form of participation of the working class in enterprise management. - Ibid., 1981, N 671; Ernazarov K. M. The role of VOIR in the development of technical creativity of industrial workers of Uzbekistan (1959-1960). - Ibid.; Krasheninnikova L. N. Activity of trade unions of Uzbekistan on the development of socialist competition in industry during the eighth five-year plan. Ibid.; and others.

5 Pravda Vostoka, 5. VII. 1983.

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mi by its composition. They became an environment where an atmosphere of friendship and cooperation was created, where representatives of different nationalities were instilled such qualities as patriotism and internationalism.

The international character of the working class itself is due to the fact that its ranks are systematically replenished at the expense of people of various nationalities. Now the republic is home to representatives of more than 120 nations and nationalities. According to the 1979 census, there were over 10.5 million Uzbek citizens among the 15.4 million. about 1.7 million Russians, 649,000 Tatars, 620,000 Kazakhs, 595,000 Tajiks, 298,000 Karakalpaks, 114,000 Ukrainians, etc. 6. Representatives of 112 nations and nationalities make up the working class of Uzbekistan 7 . The Chkalov Aviation Production Association employs 50 representatives, Tashselmash employs more than 40, and the textile mill employs 41 nationalities .8 The process of replenishing the working class with people of various nationalities continues to develop, and this is one of the important reserves for its growth. This is objectively due to the steady growth of socialist industry and the entire national economy of the republic. Currently, there are 1,662 large enterprises operating in Uzbekistan. In accordance with the place of the republic's economy in the unified national economic complex of the USSR, these are primarily enterprises of the cotton complex, mining and metallurgical and fuel and energy industries. Uzbekistan is not only the land of "white gold", but also the main producer of cotton growing equipment, textile equipment, many metals, one of the most important suppliers of gas, etc. The leading role in the UzSSR industry is played by such industries as energy, electronics, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry and others. Hence the continuous quantitative and qualitative growth of the ranks of the working class of the republic.

Highly qualified power engineers and machine builders, metallurgists and miners, oilmen and chemists, textile workers and workers of other specialties work at the industrial enterprises of the UzSSR. Their ranks are expanding mainly in the course of the development of leading industries - energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry. The best representatives of the working class are leaders, innovators of production, initiators of patriotic initiatives, heroes of labor. They make a worthy contribution to the national cause of improving developed socialism in the U.S.S.R. The motherland highly values the work of a working person. Thousands of industry leaders were awarded orders and medals of the USSR, and the best of them were awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor. "Personnel workers," emphasized K. U. Chernenko at a meeting with workers of the Sickle and Hammer plant, " are not only the backbone of any production. This is the pride of our working class. We should cherish them and build on them. " 9
An important factor in increasing the role of the working class in the improvement of a developed socialist society is the strengthening of systematic training of highly qualified workers. The main form here remains industrial training directly at industrial enterprises by the method of individual and team apprenticeship. A significant role in this is played by veterans of labor, shock workers of communist labor, advanced workers of production, on the-

6 Ibid.; Bruk S. I. Population of the world. Etnodemograficheskiy spravochnik [Ethnodemographic reference book], Moscow, 1981, p. 210.

7 Socialist Uzbekistan: a path equal to centuries. In: Problems of the Modern World (2). Moscow,1982, p. 132.

8 Based on the materials of the personnel departments of these enterprises for 1982.

9 Pravda, 30. IV. 1984.

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stavniki molodezhi. With their help, young workers master their chosen profession, acquire ideological and moral training, and acquire the characteristics of the Soviet working class. By 1978, there were 80,000 mentors in Uzbekistan who patronized 175,000 young workers10 . Directly at the enterprises of the republic in 1970, 342.5 thousand were trained in new professions and specialties, as well as improved their qualifications, in 1975 - 551 thousand, in 1982 - 856.1 thousand, 11 workers .

Related enterprises in Moscow, Leningrad, Ivanov, Krasnodar, Kiev, Riga, Alma-Ata and other industrial centers are helping Uzbekistan train workers. This is an example of a real school of work training and international education, an example of fraternal cooperation between the peoples of our country in solving economic and social problems.

One of the forms of training workers and at the same time a source of replenishment of their ranks was the general education school. At enterprises and construction sites, thousands of students received production skills, some of them then joined the ranks of the working class. An important role in the training of skilled workers is played by the vocational education system, which is constantly expanding due to the creation of new educational institutions. From 1976 to 1982, 284 new schools were opened in the republic. During this time, 780 thousand workers were trained in vocational and technical institutions of Uzbekistan - 60 thousand more than in the previous 35 years. In 1983, 260 thousand people, or more than twice as many, were enrolled in 557 schools in the republic.and more than in 1975 12 . Only in 1980. they have trained 115.2 thousand workers 13 . The plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU on April 10 and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 12, 1984 approved the "Main directions of reform of general education and vocational schools". The implementation of the reform will make it possible to radically improve the labor education and professional orientation of schoolchildren by combining training with productive work, training qualified workers in vocational schools, and complementing universal secondary education for young people with universal vocational education .14
The XI plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (July 1983) once again emphasized the importance of training young workers, primarily from local nationalities, the special role of the vocational education system in this matter (the network of its educational institutions has increased 4-fold since the beginning of the ninth five-year plan and now trains 1/3 of all workers of the republic), the need for its further improvement, improvement of the quality of vocational training and education of vocational school students, increasing the authority of these educational institutions, strengthening their material base and teaching staff 15 . Of particular importance is the involvement of young people from local nationalities in vocational schools, which is facilitated by the multi-faceted work on career guidance and labor education of students, which is conducted by schools and vocational schools, Komsomol and enterprise collectives, mass media and cinema.

Women's participation in the national economy has increased. Complex mechanization and automation of production made it possible to significantly expand the scope of their work in the industry of Uzbekistan. This provided them with equal opportunities with men

10 Pravda Vostoka, 16. V. 1978.

11 National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1982, Tashkent, 1983, p. 192.

12 Pravda Vostoka, 5. VII. 1983.

13 National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1980, Tashkent, 1981, p. 215.

14 Pravda, 13, 14, 16. IV. 1984.

15 Pravda Vostoka, 5. VII. 1983.

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in the field of obtaining professional qualifications, it increased the authority of working women. Improving working and living conditions was important for securing them in production. There is a steady growth of female industrial cadres in the republic: in 1982, 1,940,000 women worked in the national economy, or 43% of the total number of workers and employees .16 The number of women among highly skilled workers and engineering and technical workers is growing. In general, women make up 46% of industrial workers in the UzSSR.

In Uzbekistan, as well as throughout the country, a huge ideological work is being carried out, methods of educating workers and all workers with a sense of public duty, high moral qualities, and a conscious attitude to industrial and labor discipline are being improved. All this is combined with the introduction of new Soviet traditions and rituals into the life of the working class, with a general increase in the cultural level of the population. Following the decisions of the XXVI Congress and the June (1983) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the party organizations of the republic are constantly improving the forms and methods of educational work. Ties between production teams of Uzbekistan and related groups of fraternal republics have become traditional, and radio and TV programs about the life of working groups are exchanged. Evenings, festivals, and decades of Soviet peoples ' cultures are devoted to patriotic and international education of the working class. The activities of a wide network of cultural and educational institutions also contribute to solving the problems of communist education of workers. The number of clubs, libraries, and red corners at enterprises is growing. Lectures, reports, and talks on scientific and technical topics are regularly held here. The party organizations of Uzbekistan are constantly working to create conditions for further raising the political, professional, technical and cultural level of the working class.

Modern industrial production is constantly expanding, and in parallel there is a process of concentration of the working class. By the beginning of the 1980s, more than 1/3 of the workers of the UzSSR were employed in enterprises with the number of employees of 1 thousand people or more (in 1965-10%) 17 .

Under the conditions of developed socialism, a steady rise in the cultural and technical level of the working class of Uzbekistan naturally occurs. This is one of the most important conditions for accelerating technological progress and increasing labor productivity, and technological progress, in turn, leads to an increase in the cultural and technical level of the working class. In the work of the worker, the scope of mental activity based on general and technical knowledge has significantly expanded, and the cost of physical labor has been reduced. Enterprises equipped with new equipment have essentially turned into production and training complexes. Here the worker has the opportunity to get a qualification, improve it, acquire not only secondary (general and special), but also higher education. Many enterprises in Uzbekistan operate working youth schools, evening technical schools and university branches, as well as schools and advanced training courses.

The material basis for the development of the Soviet worker's personality is primarily a change in the nature of work. Mechanization and automation of production contribute to eliminating the professional limitations of the employee, reducing the volume of heavy physical labor, and increasing his productivity. In 1971-1975, 15,863 units of equipment were upgraded in the UzSSR industry,

16 National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1980, p. 180.

17 Uzsovprof archive, f. 737, op. 5, reference folder for 1981.

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for 1976-1980-16,570, for 1981-1982-6571. The power supply of labor increased in 1970 - 1982 in the cotton gin industry by 51%, in the fuel industry-by 50%, in the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy-by 51%. As a result of the increase in the technical and energy armament of labor and advanced training of employees, labor productivity in the republic's industry increased by 42% over the same years, including in the fuel industry - by 54%, chemical industry - by 86%, electric power industry - by 92%, mechanical engineering and metalworking - by 105% 18 .

These indicators could have been significantly higher if more serious attention had been paid to improving the organization of work, resolutely fighting against any violations of state and labor discipline. The November (1982) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU pointed out the need for a strictly critical approach to all matters in production, irreconcilability to existing shortcomings, and further strengthening discipline in all sectors of the national economy and at all levels. The shortcomings noted by the Plenary also occurred in Uzbekistan. As a result, some enterprises of the republic failed to meet the state plan of 1982, and did not deliver industrial products by 106 million rubles. Especially significant losses due to weak labor discipline and violations of the technological rhythm were made at enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the gas industry .19 These and other shortcomings were clearly noted at the XVI Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan on June 23, 1984. The Plenum stressed the need "to carry out daily, systematic, painstaking work to establish an atmosphere of high citizenship and exactingness in every district, in every team, and throughout the republic, and to fight for the full strengthening of socialist discipline." 20
Socialism gave rise to mass labor enthusiasm - the Udar movement, the Stakhanov movement, and the movement for a communist attitude to labor. In Uzbekistan, as well as throughout the country, these movements have become a huge creative force, a powerful factor in the growth and strengthening of the socialist economy, improving industrial relations, and educating workers. The total number of participants in the socialist competition increased from 3,404. 9 thousand in 1976 to 4,277. 5 thousand in 1981. In 1976, 4,205 enterprises, 27,436 workshops, sections, and departments, and 78,252 brigades participated in the movement for a communist attitude to labor; in 1981, 6,404 enterprises, 35,857 workshops, sections, and departments, and 10,3034 brigades. The number of brigades competing for the title of communist labor brigade increased over the years from 31936 to 44593. Now in the republic, the honorary title of collective of communist labor is held by more than 400 enterprises and organizations, more than 14 thousand workshops, 47 thousand brigades, and the title of drummer of communist labor is held by more than 1 million workers, IT specialists and employees .21
Enterprises and construction sites in Uzbekistan have accumulated a wealth of experience in spreading the achievements of leading manufacturers and innovators in their work collectives. Every valuable initiative, labor impulse, born in the struggle for the early implementation of five-year plans, find the help and support of party organizations. They target participants-

18 National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1982, pp. 26, 42.

19 See Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, November 22, 1982, Moscow, 1982, p. 9; Pravda Vostoka. 25.III.1983.

20 Pravda Vostoka, 26. VI. 1984.

21 Trade unions of Uzbekistan in numbers. Tashkent, 1982, p. 17; XX Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. Stenogr. otch. Tashkent, 1981, p. 54; Pravda Vostoka, 15. X. 1983; et al.

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The competition is aimed at developing counter - plans, solving key production tasks-increasing labor productivity and product quality, making the most complete use of fixed production assets, strengthening the economy mode, and strengthening labor discipline. The overwhelming majority of the republic's production collectives strive to ensure that every worker consciously and responsibly treats his duty, does not violate labor discipline, and works creatively. The struggle to reduce the cost of production, reduce its metal consumption, make the most rational use of metal, fuel and energy, capital investment, and working time is an essential part of the socialist obligations of labor collectives.

At the same time, some enterprises do not fulfill their plans and obligations for the production of products (quantity, term, nomenclature) and material and technical supply. The resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan of January 4, 1983 "On further strengthening of party, state and labor discipline "emphasized:" In a number of labor collectives, demands on personnel are reduced, conciliatory attitude towards violations of discipline is allowed.. the situation of active application of effective measures of educational and legislative influence to them has not been created " 22 . For the implementation of this resolution, socialist competition is of no small importance, as it is not only a means of solving economic problems, but also a condition for implementing the party's guidelines in the field of communist education.

The active role of the working class in the struggle for continuous technological progress is clearly manifested in the development of the movement of innovators of production-innovators and inventors. The socialist mode of production created opportunities for the conscious activity of workers, engineers, and technicians. In the conditions of developed socialism, a lot of work is being done in factories and factories to reconstruct them and re-equip them, introduce new equipment, improve the organization of labor and production, and mechanize labor-intensive work. Innovators benefit greatly from national and factory reviews-competitions, exhibitions of the most interesting works, thematic conferences, meetings. These are important forms of attracting workers to technical creativity and promoting the best achievements of innovators.

The development of invention and innovation shows an increase in the cultural and technical level and creative initiative of the working class. The Uzbek republican and regional councils of the All-Union Society of Inventors and Innovators (VOIR) are working hard to further activate the activities of innovators and inventors. Individual innovators have been replaced by complex creative teams that combine the knowledge of engineering and technical workers and the experience of innovative workers. By the beginning of the 80s, the movement of innovators and inventors covered almost all industrial enterprises of the republic. The economic effect of the introduction of inventions and rationalization proposals has significantly increased. For 1976-1980. it amounted to 740 million rubles. In 1982, 64.8 thousand people submitted rational proposals; the economic effect of their use increased to 241.5 million rubles (in 1976-101.5 million rubles) 23 . The movement of innovators and inventors is stimulated not only financially, but also morally-a contribution to the development of technical creativity

22 Pravda Vostoka, 5. I. 1983.

23 XX Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, p. 327; National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1982, p. 24; Trade unions of Uzbekistan in figures, p. 19.

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It is awarded with the honorary titles "Honored Innovator of the Uzbek SSR" and "Honored Inventor of the Uzbek SSR". By the beginning of 1980, there were already 158 innovators and inventors at the industrial enterprises of the republic who received these high titles.

Broad masses of workers and engineers are constantly involved in inventive and innovative activities. The network of primary VOIR organizations grew in the republic from 2,236 in 1976 to 3,034 as of July 1, 1981, and the number of their members-from 148 thousand to 320 thousand, of which over 137 thousand were workers . Scientific and technical societies of the Uzbek SSR have stepped up their activities. They held a number of conferences, meetings, debates, and reviews, which were attended by thousands of specialists from many industries. In 1976, 2232 primary organizations of the NTO of the UzSSR covered 19066 workers-innovators of production, and as of July 1, 1981, 38922 workers-innovators were members of 3081 primary organizations of the NTO25 .

The initiative of advanced workers of Uzbekistan is clearly manifested in the struggle to improve the technical and economic indicators of production: reduce the cost of production, increase its quantity and quality, save raw materials and materials, reduce labor and time spent on manufacturing a unit of production. The enterprises hold contests dedicated to increasing labor productivity and reducing the cost of production. The collectives of heavy and light industry enterprises strive to further improve the organization of production, implement the achievements of technological progress as soon as possible, and improve labor and production discipline. The quality of manufactured products is a general indicator of the performance of enterprises and, at the same time, an indispensable condition for increasing production efficiency. Labor collectives strive to improve the quality of products under the motto: "To each product - the highest quality category", "To quality-a working guarantee".

574 products created by Uzbek workers were awarded the State Quality Mark in 1975 and 1,700 in 1982. In 1981, the volume of products with the Quality Mark increased by 1.2 times compared to 198026 . Tashelectromash, Tashkent Cable, Kokand Electric Machine Building, Chirchik Transformer Plant, Namangan Chemical Plant, Andijan Electric Motor Plant and other enterprises produced more than 50% of their products with a quality Mark. In 1979, 50 enterprises of the republic were awarded diplomas for the best quality indicators, and 15 were awarded incentive prizes; integrated product quality management systems operated at 187 enterprises, and the economic effect of their implementation in 1979 was 11.4 million rubles .27 Many workers were awarded honorary diplomas and medals of the VDNKh of the USSR, national and foreign exhibitions. Products with the Quality Mark produced in the republic are successfully exported.

However, manual labor is still widely used at some enterprises in Uzbekistan, significant equipment downtime has not been eliminated, material and labor resources are not saved, and, as a result, products of insufficient quality are produced. Conciliatory approach to violators of technological discipline,

24 Trade unions of Uzbekistan in figures, p. 19.

25 Ibid., p. 20.

26 National Economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1982, p. 26; Pravda Vostoka, 26. I. 1982.

27 Uzsovprof Archive, f. 737, op. 5, reports on the state of quality of industrial products for 1979.

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brakodelam often prevails over the integrity and sense of duty of individual workers, foremen, and craftsmen. In the light of the decisions of the November (1982) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, industrial enterprises of the republic launched a struggle against the production of substandard products. For the most part, the workers demanded that effective measures be applied to discipline violators and truants, and that educational work in labor collectives be strengthened .28
"It is necessary," said V. I. Lenin, "to further expand the participation of the working people themselves in the management of the economy and in the construction of new production." 29 By implementing Lenin's precepts, the Communist Party of Uzbekistan insistently seeks to fully activate the role of workers ' collectives in the activities of enterprises, strengthen control over production in order to increase its economic efficiency and productivity of social labor. In the second half of the 60s and 70s, the function of the working class in production management was steadily expanding. A significant role in improving its effectiveness was played by commissions for monitoring the activities of the administration (they also include workers). They checked the quality of products, compliance with the economy mode, the introduction of new equipment and the development of new products, the operation of transport, the safety of socialist property, and the implementation of capital construction plans.

Uzbekistan's workers have become more active in permanent production meetings (PDPs), which helps them not only acquire skills in managing the company's affairs, but also proceed from the needs and interests of not just their own enterprise or workshop, but the republic and the country as a whole. Improving the forms and methods of its work, the PDPS became, in the course of socialist construction, a genuine school for training workers in the management of social production, and organs for promoting best practices. Thanks to them, Lenin's principles of unity of command of leadership and control from below over the activities of the administration are successfully combined in practice. The leading role in them is played by the working class. In 1976, the UzSSR had more than 5 thousand PDPs, which united 182 thousand people, including 114 thousand workers; in 1982, the number of PDPS reached 6440, they covered more than 260 thousand people, of which 2/3 were 30 workers .

The wide participation of workers in the activities of PDPs increases their influence on production. They pay more attention to discussing fundamental issues of economic life, current and long-term plans of enterprises, improving their technical and economic indicators, and mobilizing collectives for early fulfillment of planned tasks and socialist obligations. The staff of the Tashselmash plant focused on solving fundamental problems related to the implementation of the schedule for the production of cotton harvesting machines, improving their production. The factory-wide meeting discussed such important issues as mechanization and automation of production processes, equipment modernization, product quality, and regulation of electricity use .31 During the tenth five-year plan, up to 300 thousand recommendations and suggestions related to the introduction of new equipment and technology, automation of production processes, improvement of labor organization and production, increase in labor productivity, increase in the efficiency of enterprises and the quality of products, reduce its cost, and implement plans for the socio-economic development of labor camps.-

28 Pravda Vostoka, 8, 18. I. 1983.

29 Lenin V. I. PSS, Vol. 37, p. 450.

30 Trade unions of Uzbekistan in figures, pp. 23-24.

31 Current archive of the Tashselmash plant, report for 1975-1980.

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The organization is as follows: The organization of measures to strengthen labor protection, strict compliance with safety requirements. Today, these most important processes have developed even more widely, which was greatly facilitated by the adoption of the Law of the USSR "On Labor Collectives and increasing their role in the management of Enterprises, institutions, and Organizations" (June 1983), 32 and the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the All-Union Central Committee "On strengthening work to Strengthen Socialist Labor discipline"and" On additional measures to strengthen labor discipline " 33 .

The decisions of the November (1982), June (1983) and April (1984) Plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU played an extremely important role in raising the creative initiative of the working class and all working people, in activating the activity of labor collectives in the struggle for strengthening discipline in production, increasing its economic efficiency, and in the communist education of the masses. They gave even greater dynamism to the growth of creative labor and socio - political activity of the working class of the country, including Uzbekistan, which is natural in the conditions of developed socialism. This is also evident in the increase in the number of workers in the party. In 1981, there were 570,000 Communists in the ranks of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, of which over 30% were workers .34 The best representatives of the working class of the republic are admitted to the party. The number of workers in the bureaus and plenums of district committees, city committees, regional committees and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan is steadily increasing.

The leading role is played by workers in the country's trade unions, which occupy an important place in the political system of socialist society. Trade unions of Uzbekistan are the largest mass organization of workers in the republic. As of July 1, 1981, they comprised 5,565. 9 thousand people, including 5,094. 1 thousand workers and employees.35 Workers form the main core of the trade union asset. Many of them were elected to the factory committees, regional and republican councils of trade unions. Trade union organizations in Uzbekistan, as well as throughout the country, have accumulated extensive experience in solving economic and social problems, leading competition, the movement for a communist attitude to work, and educating Soviet people of such qualities as collectivism, conscientiousness, hard work, and respect for the public domain. By developing all forms of competition in every possible way, trade unions teach workers and employees a high production culture and labor discipline, and achieve their high activity in solving complex production tasks. Participation in the permanent commissions of the FSMK on mass production work and wages has become a good school of production management for workers. Through trade unions, workers contribute to the activities of State and economic bodies. Uzsovprof, oblsovprof, many branch and factory committees, including a significant number of workers, participate in the development of annual production plans for the development of the national economy of the republic, in the planning of labor indicators and labor rationing, in the development of measures to create better working conditions in production, and in the development of legislative acts on labor and wages.

Trade unions of Uzbekistan strive to give a broad scope to the activities of creative associations of workers. With the assistance of trade union organizations in the republic, public organizations have been established and are successfully operating.-

32 Pravda, 19. VI. 1983.

33 Ibid., 7.1 II. 1983.

34 XX Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, p. 62.

35 Trade unions of Uzbekistan in figures, c, 6,

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state design and technology bureaus, economic analysis bureaus and groups, technical information bureaus, NOT councils, creative integrated teams. In 1982, all of them brought together more than 50 thousand cutting-edge workers and innovators of production 36 . Significant work is being carried out by trade unions for the communist education of workers. The ideological, political, cultural and educational work of trade unions has become more focused, meaningful, and diverse. They significantly improved the management of clubs, red corners, libraries, and contributed to the development of physical culture and sports in the republic. In the practice of mass cultural work of trade unions, there are many effective means, methods and forms. General recognition was given to the evenings of communist labor drummers, meetings of production veterans and party veterans with young workers, means of visual agitation-boards of honor, exhibitions, stands, photo screens, photo newspapers and montages, production, popular science and documentaries.

The broad rights of trade unions enshrined in the Constitutions of the USSR and UzSSR are used for the benefit of workers, in the interests of the whole society. In their daily work, trade unions pay unflagging attention to the development and improvement of occupational health and safety at work, cultural leisure and health of workers.

The leading role is played by the working class of Uzbekistan in the Councils of People's Deputies. The share of working-class representatives among them is constantly increasing. As a result of the March 4, 1984 elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the eleventh convocation, 82 deputies were elected from Uzbekistan, including 28 workers ' deputies . Among the 510 deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the UzSSR, 153 (30%) are workers; in the Supreme Soviet of the Karakalpak ASSR, 50.3% of deputies are workers and collective farmers .38 These are people of different nationalities, veterans of labor and young workers, men and women, members of the CPSU, Komsomol and non-party members. Their biographies and work records reflect the best features of the Soviet working class.

Under the conditions of developed socialism, the alliance of the working class with the collective-farm peasantry and intelligentsia, which forms the social basis of the Soviet state, is becoming more and more solid. Socio-economic transformations during this period led to an increase in the number and proportion of the working class and intelligentsia, and a convergence in the content of their work. Relations between the working class, the peasantry, and the intelligentsia have developed into a single system covering the socio - economic, political, and ideological spheres. The working class, the peasantry, and the intelligentsia share a common goal - the improvement of a developed socialist society.

The role of the working class and the intelligentsia in improving the efficiency of agricultural production has increased, and the importance of their alliance with the collective farm peasantry has increased for the transition of agriculture to industrial rails, the development of its specialization and concentration. The rise of agriculture is a common cause of the working class, the collective - farm peasantry, and the intelligentsia. The creative work of the working class and intellectuals of the Uzbek SSR creates opportunities for the growth of the energy capacity of agriculture, its material and technical base. The workers and technical intelligentsia of the industrial enterprises of Tashkent, Samarkand, Andijan, Namangan, Bukhara, Chirchik and other cities of the republic consider their most important duty to be outcasts-

36 Trade unions of Uzbekistan from congress to congress. Tashkent, 1982, p. 14.

37 Izvestiya, 7. III. 1984.

38 Pravda Vostoka, 28. II. 1980.

page 13

buy products for agriculture ahead of schedule, with excellent product quality.

Patronage of the village became an effective form of participation of the working class in the economic, social and cultural life of the republic. Initiated by Lenin in the first years of Soviet power, patronage of rural areas has become one of the traditions of the Soviet working class, the origins of which are laid in the very nature of the socialist system. Collectives of industrial enterprises of the republic actively participate in patronage work, sending the best production workers to help rural workers, who pass on their experience in organizing labor, establishing accounting and reporting, strengthening labor discipline, organizing socialist competition, helping collective farms and state farms to electrify villages, build collective and inter-farm production facilities, and take part in the repair of agricultural machinery. actively contribute to the implementation of the Food Program of the USSR.

An important factor in strengthening the alliance between the working class, the collective farm peasantry and the people's intelligentsia is the patronage of the city in raising the culture of the village. Under the conditions of developed socialism, this form of assistance is progressing. Everywhere, collectives of industrial enterprises, educational institutions, creative organizations, cultural and educational institutions carry out large-scale political, educational and mass cultural work on collective and state farms. Considerable assistance has always been provided to the village in establishing the work of clubs, libraries, and other cultural institutions, in creating amateur art circles and collectives, in developing wall printing, and organizing sports events. Thus, in joint creative work, in the struggle for a common cause, an unbreakable alliance of workers, peasants and intellectuals is cemented, with the working class playing the leading role in it.

The international ties of the working class of Uzbekistan are steadily expanding and strengthening, and its cooperation with the working class of other Union republics is becoming ever closer. The products produced by him are distributed throughout the country and are used by the workers of all fraternal republics. The scale of such ties is determined by the presence of a large industrial potential in the Uzbek SSR.

The working class of Uzbekistan produces billions of cubic meters of gas, which goes not only to the cities and villages of the republic, but also to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, the RSFSR, Ukraine, Moldova, Lithuania, Estonia. The republic's enterprises produce metal, steel and cast-iron pipes, tractors, cranes, excavators, agricultural machines, including cotton harvesters, heap cleaners, hydraulic pumps, mineral fertilizers and many other types of products necessary for industry and agriculture in various regions of the Soviet Union. All cotton-growing republics receive from Tashkent tractors of cotton modification, cotton and curacow harvesting machines, precision seeders, etc. Textile enterprises of the USSR work on roving and spinning-twisting machines of "Tashkenttextilmash". Many regions of the RSFSR, Ukraine, and other fraternal republics receive machines, aggregates, devices, and other products from the Bearing, Tashkent Cable, and Sredazenergoapparat factories. Products of Tashkent enterprises are received by BAM, new buildings in the Non-Black Earth region. At the same time, the development of the national economy of Uzbekistan cannot be imagined without extensive supplies of a wide variety of products coming from other union republics.

Speaking to the voters of the Kuibyshev district of Moscow on March 2, 1984, K. U. Chernenko noted:: "Deploying a business plan-

page 14

This is one of the most important tasks for the whole state, and it is a matter of public initiative and creativity at the levels of economic regions, associations, and enterprises. This, if you will, is also a question of further strengthening the friendship of the peoples of our country - one of the most important foundations of Lenin's party policy. We need to increase the ability of each republic to make an effective contribution to the development of the economy of the Soviet Union as a single national economic complex. Of course, the national interests should be put first and foremost here. This follows directly from the internationalist nature of our society, our worldview. " 39 The active participation of the working class of Uzbekistan in inter - republican economic relations is evidence of the successful fulfillment of its international duty. The development of these ties is a vivid and convincing indicator of the life - giving power of socialist internationalism of the working class.

One of the most striking manifestations of the ideology and practice of proletarian internationalism is the steady development of international relations of the working class of Uzbekistan. At the present stage, the constant growth of the republic's economy and culture allows it to make a significant contribution to the expanding international economic and cultural ties of the USSR every year. Together with other republics of the country, the UzSSR carries out fruitful economic and cultural cooperation with all the countries of socialism and many other states. In 1980, industrial and agricultural products of Soviet Uzbekistan were exported to 70 countries around the world. In terms of the total value of exported goods, the Uzbek SSR ranked third in the Union after the Russian Federation and Ukraine .40 Excavators, tractors, compressor machines, rolled products, electrical and radio equipment, agricultural machinery, bridge cranes and other products of Uzbek factories are in growing demand among foreign companies. Many enterprises of the republic fulfill orders of foreign countries in accordance with the all-union plans. During the tenth five-year plan, products of the Tashkent Textile Mill were purchased by Vietnam, the MNR, Nepal, Burma, Algeria and other countries. Products from the Tashkent Cable plant, the Chirchik Electrochemical Plant, and the Kinap plant in Samarkand were exported to dozens of countries .41 Various products from factories in Tashkent, Andijan, Kokand, Chirchik, Samarkand and other cities of the republic were sent to India, Mali, Algeria, Afghanistan and other countries in Asia and Africa. At agricultural machinery exhibitions held in our country and abroad, products of the republic's enterprises were repeatedly awarded gold medals: cotton harvesting machines "Tashselmash", cultivator" Chirchikselmash " and other products.

The Uzbek SSR provides active technical assistance to a number of countries in the construction of industrial and cultural facilities. Products of Soviet Uzbekistan were delivered to dozens of industrial facilities in India, built and under construction with the help of the USSR. Workers from Uzbekistan took part in the creation of important industrial facilities in Nepal, Guinea, India, Afghanistan and other countries.

Scientific and technical cooperation and the exchange of best practices are developing fruitfully. Workers and engineers from socialist countries annually studied advanced production methods at the enterprises of Uzbekistan, identified everything new and useful for their national economy. In turn, the workers and engineers of the republic often traveled to the socialist countries, where they drew their own resources.

39 Pravda, 3. III. 1984.

40 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Tashkent, 1981, p. 459.

41 Current archives of these enterprises for 1976-1980.

page 15

valuable production experience. The Margelan silk Mill maintained ties with the Textima company (GDR), the Tashkent Textile Mill with the Czechoslovak Institute of Chemistry, and the Andijan Machine - building Plant with the Bulgarian Sila machine - building plant in Yambol. The Tashkent Cable plant and other enterprises had constant contacts with enterprises of socialist countries. These relations are based on the principles of equality, mutual trust and respect for the interests of the cooperating countries. This is proletarian internationalism in action. Fulfilling their international duty, hundreds of workers and engineers from the Uzbek SSR worked in Angola, Mozambique, Afghanistan, and Vietnam, helping their peoples build a new life. Dozens of representatives of the working class of many countries came to Uzbekistan every year, and their meetings with Soviet workers always resulted in a demonstration of friendship and international solidarity.

Thus, at the stage of developed socialism, the process of increasing the productive and socio - political role of the working class of the republic is steadily progressing. Multinational in composition, it is constantly changing in quantitative and qualitative terms, its ranks are replenished at the expense of young people and women who have not previously participated in social production. It is closely linked to advanced machinery and technology and is developing primarily due to the growth of leading industries-energy, metallurgy, and mechanical engineering.

The result of the scientific and technological revolution is intensive mechanization and automation of production processes, which in turn lead to an increase in the cultural and technical level of the working class, the development of creative principles in its activities, the development of a number of new specialties, and the further erasure of significant differences between mental and physical laborers .42 Economic and cultural ties between workers, collective farmers and intellectuals are being deepened, and their alliance is being strengthened, which contributes to the further consolidation of the political basis of socialist society and the comprehensive development of its economy and culture. A new type of worker is being formed - highly qualified, educated, distinguished by creative and social activity. The further development of socialist competition, the movement for a communist attitude to work, innovation and invention is evidence of the growth of the cultural and technical level and creative initiative of the working class of Uzbekistan.

The role of workers in permanent production meetings is being strengthened. The social and political activity of workers is growing systematically, and their activities in the party and trade union organizations of Uzbekistan, in the Councils of People's Deputies, are becoming more and more fruitful. By implementing the decisions of the XXVI Party Congress and subsequent Plenums of the CPSU Central Committee, the working class of Uzbekistan is increasingly fighting against negative phenomena in production, strengthening industrial labor discipline, increasing labor productivity, and improving product quality. As one of the detachments of the Soviet working class, it is at the forefront of the struggle for the further improvement of a developed socialist society.

42 See On the 80th anniversary of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU on March 31, 1983. Moscow, 1983, p. 7.

page 16


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