V. A. ZAKH
Institute of Problems of Development of the North SB RAS
a / z 2774, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
E-mail: vzach@ipdn.ru
Introduction
In the history of the Neolithic periodization of the Eastern Trans-Urals, including the Pritobol region, two stages can be distinguished. The first category includes the research of V. N. Chernetsov, O. N. Bader, and V. F. Starkov, who in the late 1960s and early 1980s proposed their own schemes based on materials from the forest-steppe and forest Trans-Urals. For the Ishim and Irtysh regions, the concept of the development of Neolithic and Bronze Age complexes was developed in the 1970s by V. F. Gening and his students, and later revised by A. I. Petrov and supplemented by A. N. Panfilov. The second stage (from the second half of the 1980s) is associated with the formation of V. T. Kovaleva's and Moi's concepts mainly for the Neolithic of the Middle Trans-Urals and Tobolsk-Ishim region.
V. N. Chernetsov distinguished three consecutive phases in the Neolithic of the forest and Eastern Trans - Urals: the Kozlovian (Early) one (4000-3300 B.C.), the Yuryinsko - Gorbunovskaya one (3300-2700 B.C.), and the Chastyyag (combed) one (2700-2200 B.C.) (1953, 1968). According to O. N. Bader, the East Ural historical and cultural community (the East Ural Neolithic culture) has passed through four stages of development, of which the first three chronologically coincide with the phases identified by V. N. Chernetsov: Kozlovsky (4000-3300 BC), Poludensky(3300 - 2700 BC). Sosnovoostrovsky (2700-2200 BC) and Lipchinsky (2200-1800 BC). He considered the latter part of the East Ural culture, but considered it Eneolithic (Bader, 1970). Basically, the patterns of development of the East Uralic Neolithic proposed by O. N. Bader and V. N. Chernetsov coincide. V. F. Starkov's periodization [1980] is based on the analysis of a significant number of ceramic complexes. The Early Neolithic period is characterized by closed-shaped dishes, with an influx on the inner edge of the corolla and with a wavy-knurled ornament. In the developed Neolithic, the vessels are semi-ovate, with an influx on the inner edge of the corolla and a wavy-combed decoration. Along with the plate industry, the technique of double-sided machined and ground tools is widely developed. This period mainly includes settlements of the Yuryinsko-Gorbunovskaya phase, according to V. N. Chernetsov, or the Poludenkov stage, according to O. N. Bader, Late Neolithic ceramics have a semi-egg-shaped shape, decorated mainly with comb-shaped impressions; the surges on the inner side of the corolla disappear. In stone tools, the number of plates decreases, and flakes are more often used in the manufacture of tools. Late Neolithic complexes correspond to the Chastyyag phase, according to V. N. Chernetsov, or the Sosnovoostrov stage, according to O. N. Bader.
The periodization of the East Uralic Neolithic was revised by V. T. Kovaleva, who believes that the need for a new approach is dictated by the discovery of a complex by L. Ya.Krizhevskaya at the Koshkino-5 settlement, which was assigned to a special, early type - Koshkinsky. In this regard, V. T. Kovaleva raises and resolves the question of two different, parallel cultural traditions: the autochthonous one is represented by the Kozlov group-Poludenskaya culture; the line of development with the participation of the southern impulse is represented by the Koshkinsky group - Boborykin culture [1989]. This scheme, in my opinion, does not fully correspond to the materials and does not clarify the key question for the genesis of the West Siberian Neolithic about the relationship of complexes with receding-drawn and combed, receding-drawn and comb-dimpled ornamentation of ceramics.
Periodization of Neolithic cultures of the Middle Irtysh region, extended to the territory of the Lower Irtysh region.
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It was created in the early 1970s by V. F. Gening and his students. Neolithic complexes are united by them in the Middle Irtysh culture with two stages of development. Kokuysky is distinguished from the materials of the most fully studied settlement of Kokuy-1, dating back to the IV millennium BC. Dishes are semi-egg-shaped, the ornament covers the entire vessel. It consists of horizontal rows of impressions of a receding stick (sometimes combined with comb-shaped ones), separated by rows of round, oval or other shaped pits. Stone tools are represented by knife-shaped plates with and without retouching, end scrapers and miniature arrowheads. The late Middle Irtysh Neolithic period is characterized by materials from the Catherine and Artyn sites (Gening et al., 1970). The scheme proposed by Ural researchers was revised by A. I. Petrov, who identified two types of complexes (Catherine and Alexander) with comb-pit ceramics, which represent the stages of development of the Catherine culture that existed at the beginning of the Late Neolithic (first half - middle of the third millennium BC) [1986, 1987].
In the early 1990s, well-stratified settlements (Borovlyanka-2 and Serebryanka-1) were studied in the Lower Ishim region, which allowed us to revise and significantly supplement the previously proposed periodization schemes (Panfilov et al., 1991; Panfilov, 1991, 1993).
The basis of the Tobolo-Ishimya Neolithic formation
The West Siberian Neolithic complexes, according to most researchers, were formed on the basis of Mesolithic ones, rooted in the local Paleolithic. The thesis about the continuity of Mesolithic and Neolithic materials is not objectionable. The stone inventory analyzed by typological characteristics from 14 Mesolithic and Neolithic monuments spread from the eastern slopes of the Urals to the Irtysh region was divided into two large groups. The first group includes the Mesolithic complex of Chernoozerye-6 from the Irtysh region and materials of Neolithic monuments of the Ishim region (Mergen-3, 6, Tyulyashov Bor-2, Kokui-1). The second group was formed by the Pritobolsk Mesolithic complexes of the settlements of Sukhrino-1, Gray Stone, Kamyshnoye-1, Tashkovo-4 and Istok-2, the Neolithic complex of the settlement of Yurtobor-3, as well as the Mesolithic (Katenka) and Neolithic (Mergen-5) from the Priishimye region. The first group is most characterized by plates with retouching and arrowheads, while the second group is characterized by plates without retouching and incisors. The presence of Mesolithic materials in the first group, which is based on Neolithic monuments, and, conversely, in the second, mainly Mesolithic, two Neolithic monuments, in my opinion, indicates the continuity of stone complexes of different times. In the first group, monuments located within the Ichimo-Irtysh interfluve are combined, and their inventory continues the tradition of creating the settlement of Chernoozerye-6. The second group, with the exception of the Katenka site, includes Mesolithic monuments of the Pritobolye region, their materials are close to the stone inventory of the Yurtobor-3 settlement.
Forest-steppe and southern taiga Mesolithic sites of the Tobol-Ishim and Irtysh regions, whose flint complexes lack geometric microliths, can be combined into an independent Tobol-Irtysh culture with local (Pritobolsk and Ishim-Irtysh) variants. Its materials are closely related to the complexes of West Siberian Paleolithic sites, and their ranges are almost identical.
Ceramic production on the territory of Western Siberia, according to many researchers, arose independently, and the most ancient is round-bottomed dishes with inflows on the inner side of the corolla, with patterns made in a receding and drawn technique. Judging by the spore-pollen spectra from the cultural layers of the Boborykin settlements Mergen-3 and Yurtobor-3 and radiocarbon dates, ceramics appear in the Pritobolye and Priishimye regions at the beginning of the Atlantic Holocene period (Zakh, 1995; Zakh and Skochina, 2002). Round-bottomed and flat-bottomed dishes, decorated with a receding (sometimes forked) stick, drawing and shallow dimple punctures, are in many ways similar to vessels from the Aral Sea region, the Northern and Eastern Caspian regions. Petrographic analysis of ceramics from the Pritobol region, the Ishim region, and the Caspian region has shown that the dough composition and manufacturing technology of North Caspian and West Siberian Boborykin ware are similar (Ermakov et al., 1989). It is possible that the Neolithic culture of Western Siberia (and the Tobolo-Ishimya region in particular) was combined with the mixing of the local Mesolithic population with their own traditions of making stone tools (the Tobolo-Irtysh culture) and migrants who brought to new territories the traditions of ceramic production and some elements of the flint industry and other technologies.
Boborykin culture
Migration of the southern population, assimilation processes between it and the aborigines who did not yet know it.
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1. Ceramics of the Boborykin stage of the Boborykin culture from the Yurtobor-3 settlement.
In my opinion, the development of the Neolithic Boborykin culture in the Tobolo-Ishimye region led to the formation of a new type of pottery. There are two stages of its development.
Boborykinsky stage. At the first stage, the range of the Boborykin complexes covers the forest-steppe and southern parts of the forest areas from the upper reaches of the Iseti River (Viktorova, 2002) to the Irtysh region, and, taking into account recent finds at the settlement of Avtodrom-2 and Baraby (Bobrov, 2004), with the center in the Tobolo-Ishim region. Dominating dwellings are irregular-rounded in plan, with one or more protrusions-exits and sub-rectangular with rounded corners and an elongated protrusion-exit located in the center of one of the sides or at the corner. The area of dwellings varies from 50 to 100 m2 (Zakh, 1995; Zakh and Skochina, 2002).
The structures under consideration have analogies in a fairly wide spatial and temporal range. Round houses, sometimes sunk into the ground, are known from the Natufian cultural monuments (Mellart, 1982), Leushi-9 (Besprozvanny, 1985, 1997); similar dwellings have been studied in the Bystrinsky-type settlements (Ocherki istorii..., 1999, p. 12), Isetskoye Pravoberezhnoye (Kerner, 1991), and Nizhnyaya Makusha (Starkov,1991). 1983], Dzhanbas-4 and Kavat-7 [Vinogradov, 1968,1981]. According to V. P. Tretyakov, the population in the Baltic States, Karelia, the Volga-Oka interfluve and the Middle Volga region lived in buildings of rounded or oval shape in plan [1972]. Irregular-sub-triangular dwellings were studied on monuments of the Northern Caspian region (Vasiliev et al., 1986, 1989).
Heavy, medium and light loam was used to make Boborykin dishes, sand, chamotte and organic matter were added to the dough [Ermakov et al., 1989; Zakh, 1999; Poshekhonova and Skochina, 2004; Poshekhonova, 2004], which is similar to the recipe of ceramics from some settlements of the Dneprodzerzhinsk, Lower Volga and Elshan cultures, where fish bones were found in vessels, and prints of aquatic vegetation were found on the surface and fractures of ceramics (the main plastic raw material was used, most likely, not clay, but silt) [Bobrinsky and Vasilyeva, 1998]. "The composition of the molding masses included various artificial additives, mainly of organic origin, including waterfowl droppings littered with fragments of freshwater shells,and ruminant dung. An admixture of chamotte is noted" [Morgunova, 1995, p. 15-16].
Dishes are decorated with drawn lines, impressions of a single and bifurcated retreating stick, shallow round depressions, and deep round pits on some vessels under the rim of the corolla (Fig. 1). Sometimes protrusions - "ears" - can be traced along the rim of the corolla, which, according to some researchers, are zoomorphic images (Kovaleva and Arefyev, 1993).
The Boborykin stage is characterized by: the presence of unornamented vessels, the proportion of which varies from 3.6 to 39.6% on different monuments; an ornament in the form of shallow indentations; a small number of vessels ornamented with comb-shaped impressions, mainly "rocking".
For the manufacture of tools, gray and brown siltstone, colored flint, silicified slate, gray fine - and coarse-grained sandstone were used. Several main groups of tools related to hunting, processing of hunting and fishing products, and processing of stone, wood, and bone were identified (Skochina, 2002; Zakh and Skochina, 2002). There are scrapers, knives made from plates and flakes, incisors, carvers, scrapers, arrowheads
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on plates with a point and nozzle processed from the back and abdomen. Geometric plates (symmetrical trapezoids, asymmetric triangles, and segments) are particularly distinguished [Vasiliev et al., 1998; Zakh, 1995; Panfilov et al., 1991; Kovaleva, 1989]. V. N. Logvin denies the connection of trapezoids with the Boborykin ceramic complexes of the forest-steppe and South taiga Pritobolie [2002, p. 21; 2003] because it considers the Boborykin-Koshkinsky materials of the Turgai trough to be Early Neolithic.
Koshkinsky stage. Koshkinsky settlements are distributed within the original area of the Boborykin culture, usually occupying capes of low floodplain terraces of rivers and lakes.
Two main types of dwellings predominate: sub-rectangular with rounded corners in the plan, with one protrusion-exit, and sub-rectangular (rather sub-square) with rounded corners and an exit ledge located in the center of one of the sides or at the corner. The area varies from 30 to 60 m2. The shape, construction and size of Boborykin and Koshkinsky dwellings are very similar, which probably indicates a single line of development of housing construction.
Heavy, medium and light loams with an admixture of iron hydroxides were used for the manufacture of dishes, to which sand, chamotte and organic matter were mixed as an otoshchitel. A significant content of organic and phosphate residues is also a special feature of Koshkino ceramics. In 80% of the samples, remains of bones, gill covers, fish scales, and voids from droppings and plant inclusions are noted. As T. N. Sobolnikova notes, " the composition of the molding masses of Koshkinsky ceramics is generally similar to Boborykin ware. They are characterized by the use of organic matter, which is unusual for the Trans-Ural technological tradition" [1999, p. 16]. Crockery is pot-shaped, poorly profiled and tinned. The protrusion at the bottoms is less pronounced compared to Boborykin vessels, a small influx appears under the edge of the corolla on the inner side, and a cornice appears on the outer side. Inside the corollas, a canaliculus can be traced, left over from the burned cord. Similar channels are found in the Lower Ishim region later - on the Kokui ceramics. They were first found on Kiprin ware in the Upper Ob region (Komarova, 1956).
The vessels are fully ornamented, although the pattern is quite sparse. Some round-bottomed and especially flat-bottomed vessels are covered with ornaments on 1/3. Mostly the upper, bottom, and bottom parts are decorated (Fig. 2). Some vessels have relief zoomorphic images along the edge (Kovaleva and Arefyev, 1993, Fig. 5, 3). Reduces the number of unornamented dishes. Along with horizontal zoning, a vertical breakdown of the ornamental field is used; vertical zones are filled with oblique lines, made mainly with a receding stick. An ornament appears in the form of interpenetrating geometric patterns (later it is developed in the Kozlov and Poludenkov complexes). In comparison with Boborykin dishes, the number of ornaments made of shallow pits and geometric patterns decreases, but the proportion of combed ones made mainly with a "rocking chair"increases.
A.V. Shamanaev [2001, 2002] considered the stone inventory of Koshkinsky settlements in the Pritobolye region, and in the Priishimye region - L. A. Dryabina [1995] and S. N. Skochina [2002]. A.V. Shamanaev came to a very important conclusion, in my opinion, that proves the continuity of Neolithic complexes: "The stone industry of Koshkinsky culture has a unique character. pronounced similarity with the stone inventory complexes of other Neolithic cultures of the region (Kozlovskaya, Boborykinskaya, Poludenskaya). The similarity is shown in the composition of raw materials, splitting techniques, secondary processing techniques, and typological composition of collections " [2001, p. 152]. Generally
2. Ceramics of the Koshkinsky stage of the Boborykin culture from the settlement Mergen-6.
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3. Bone inventory of the Koshkinsky stage from the settlement of Mergen-6.
The complexes are characterized by microlithoid features, and the use of incisor chipping and retouching of the transverse edges of the plates probably indicate the early origin of these complexes and the long-term preservation of Mesolithic traditions.
Bone tools are found only in the Priishimsk settlements of Mergen-5 and 6. They are represented by a significant series - points, "fishpicks", chisels and needles (Fig. 3). A special group consists of products made from split in half or whole teeth, the enamel of which replaced hard flint rocks (Fig. 3, 2, 5). Teeth and sometimes relatively whole jaws with a tooth were used as scrapers and incisors. Similar tools are known, for example, in the Mesolithic complex of the Veretye settlement and the Neolithic Inya-11 (Oshibkina, 1997; Zakh, 2003).
Determination of osteological material from the settlements of Mergen-5 and 6 allowed P. A. Kosintsev and A. E. Nekrasov to conclude that the Koshkino population hunted elk, roe deer, reindeer, bear, wild horse, waterfowl and swamp game. Hare, groundhog, beaver, wolf, fox, marten, badger and otter were mainly hunted for fur. Large mammals were hunted with a fairly large dog (Kosintsev and Nekrasov, 1999). In addition, koshkintsy were engaged in fishing.
Poludenkovskaya culture
After analyzing ceramics from the settlement of the Southern Administrative District-15, V. I. Astashkin proposed to consider the Kozlov and Poludenkov complexes within the framework of one, Kozlov culture with three phases of development: Evstyunikha, Kozlov and Poludenkov [1993, p.59]. In my opinion, the available materials make it possible to combine the Kozlov and Poludenkov complexes within the framework of one culture (Poludenkovskaya) as two stages of its development, and to attribute the Evstyunikha, Koksharovo-Yuryinsky, and Sumpanyinsky complexes, which were largely similar and existed synchronously, but on different territories, to various cultural formations formed on the northern Boborykin-Koshkinsky basis.
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Kozlovsky stage. The extreme western settlement is Isetskoye Pravoberezhnoye, located in the upper reaches of the river. Iseti. In the east, the boundary of the distribution of Kozlov ceramics is delineated by the Tobol Valley, in the south it is marked by the settlement of Tashkovo-1, in the north, monuments with Kozlov materials are known in the Tavda basin (Kerner, 1991; Viktorova, 1968; Kovaleva and Ivasko, 1991).
The settlements were located along the banks of rivers and mostly flowing lakes. The dwellings were semi-dugouts up to 0.8 m deep, sub-rectangular in shape, with a frame-post structure of walls and roofs (Matyushchenko et al., 1995, p. 94). Their area was, as a rule, 30-40 m2, but there are also smaller and larger sizes. Most dwellings have an exit in the form of one or two projections in the wall, often directed towards the reservoir.
Vessels are slightly closed in shape with a rounded or pointed bottom. Sand, chamotte and organic matter were added to the dough as an admixture. The upper edge of the corolla is usually flattened, with a massive influx of sub-triangular shape or gently descending along the wall on the inner side. Often on the corolla there are pinches - "ears", sometimes with voluminous patches in the form of animal heads, and possibly a person. A distinctive feature of Kozlov ceramics is the presence of through holes under the rim of the corolla of some vessels (Viktorova, 1968, Fig. 2; Kovaleva and Ivasko, 1991, fig. 9, 8; Stefanov, 1991, fig. 4]. Similar holes were found in the dishes of the Izylinsky stage of the Upper Ob Neolithic culture from the settlement of Inya-11 (Zakh, 2003, Figures 79-81).
The ornament was applied to the entire surface of the vessel, including the bottom (Fig. On some specimens, horizontal and vertical zones are distinguished, most are decorated with horizontal ribbons: basically, these are alternating straight, wavy and inclined lines made by drawing, retreating sticks or impressions of a comb. Often the ornament is a horizontal ribbon of interpenetrating triangles. Often similarly decorated and the inner edge of the corolla (influx). Vertical ribbons of the ornament consist of straight or wavy lines made by drawing or retreating sticks, triangles or tree-like figures that resemble those on Boborykin vessels.
The inventory is represented by tips on plates with a corrected tip and a flat nozzle, knives, scrapers, drills, screwdrivers, incisors and points. The stone industry of the Kozlovsky stage is characterized as lamellar, with a certain proportion of microliths and a limited number of polished slate tools.
The Poludenkov stage. Describing the Kozlov materials, V. T. Kovaleva and L. V. Ivasko note that " it is possible to trace the genetic connection of the monuments of the Kozlov group both with the previous epoch of the Middle Trans - Urals-the Mesolithic, and with the subsequent stage in the development of the Neolithic-the Poludenskaya culture.<....> The Poludenskaya culture is a further step in the development of the Kozlovsky-type culture " [1991, p. 131].
Complexes of the Poludenkov stage in the Lower Pritobolye were studied mainly on monuments located along the banks of the Andreevsky Lakes. Isolated finds were found in the settlements of Sosnovy Ostrov, Cheremukhovy Bush, and Yazevka. The settlement of Okhotino can be considered the extreme southern Poludenkov monument, while the northeastern one is Bichili-1 with a complex of ceramics with a receding comb pattern (Starkov, 1980). Thus, the area of Poludenkov monuments covers the territory from the Kurgan Pritobolye in the south to the Irtysh region in the northeast and the Nizhny Tagil region in the northwest.
The settlements were located on the coasts of lakes and rivers, as well as on small terraced remnants among low-lying areas of frozen reservoirs, which may indicate a fairly arid climate.
The dwellings were semi-earth frame-post structures of a sub-rectangular shape.
4. Ceramics of the Kozlov stage of the Poludenkov culture from the settlement of the Southern Administrative District-18 ("8th point").
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forms with an area of 15 to 217 m2, but mostly 30 to 40 m2 (Kovaleva, 1975; Aleksashenko et al., 1984; Aleksashenko and Pautova, 1979; Varankin, 1982).
The vessels are semi-ovoid with slightly sloping walls and a round bottom. The edge of the corolla is flat, sometimes wavy, with an influx of sub-triangular shape with a smoothed edge on the inner side. Sand, chamotte, and bird droppings were added to the ceramic dough (Varankin, 1982).
The specific ornamentation of Poludenkov ceramics was precisely defined by V. F. Starkov, who called it wavy-combed, i.e. combining indentingly drawn wavy patterns with comb-shaped indentations (Starkov, 1973, 1980). The first ones are dominant, and the proportion of comb ornaments varies from 25-50 % (Astashkin, 1993). The main decorative elements are almost identical to those on Kozlov ceramics: these are horizontal straight and wavy lines, ribbons of interpenetrating triangles, rows of impressions of a "walking" comb, vertical rows of round and teardrop-shaped pits. Quite often, straight or wavy lines are observed, applied with a retreating stick over the impressions of the "walking" comb.
While preserving the plate industry, the inventory of the Poludenkov stage differs in many ways from the Kozlov stone complexes, it has " fewer retouched plates, more scrapers and arrowheads. Only in these structures (Poludenkovskiye - V. Z.) are found plate-like nuclei and chisels on flakes, but there are no incisors, beveled points, or plates with a retouched transverse edge" (Dryabina and Khukhorova, 2001). The inhabitants of the Poludenkov villages widely used sawing, grinding and drilling. Abrasive saws and slabs were found (Aleksashenko, 1986). For drilling, plate drills were used, similar to those known from the monuments of the forest Trans-Urals (Serikov, 1975).
Kokui culture
The area of the Kokui complexes is delineated by monuments containing ceramics with retreating comb-pit ornamentation. In the north, the border runs roughly along the Irtysh River; in the south, it is marked by the multi-layered Penki-1 settlement; in the west, it does not extend beyond the Ishim Basin; in the east, Kokui ceramics were found on the Tara River and on the Autodrom-2 settlement near Vengerov Village (Chalaya, 1972; Panfilov et al., 1991; Panfilov, 1993; Molodin et al., 1998; Tikhonov and Tataurov, 2003; Matyushchenko, 2003].
The settlements were located mainly in floodplains on sandy remnants or on the capes of the first above-floodplain terraces at the confluence of rivers. The dwellings were one-or two-chamber semi-dugouts of sub-square or sub-rectangular shape. The area of single - chamber buildings is 66, while that of two - chamber buildings is up to 179 m2 (Matyushchenko et al., 1995).
For the manufacture of ceramics, heavy loam was mainly used, sand and chamotte were evenly introduced into the dough as additives, fish bones and shells are marked. Dishes of open or slightly closed semi-egg shape with a rounded or pointed bottom. The edge of the vessel in most cases is smooth, occasionally wavy, and often ornamented. Corollas are oval, pointed or flattened. A small number of vessels have finger pinches along the upper edge. A characteristic feature is the tubule inside the corolla, formed as a result of burning out the thread or tendon that tied the upper edge of the raw vessel.
Kokui tableware is fully ornamented, including the bottom. The main methods of drawing a pattern are a retreating stick, a tattoo and comb indentations. Most vessels have rows of dimples of various shapes along their torsos. The main elements of the pattern are horizontal straight or wavy, oblique and vertical lines.
The Kokui stone complexes include ornaments and tools made mainly on plates: elongated and shortened arrowheads of sub-triangular shape with a retouched tip and nozzle, knives, end scrapers, incisors, punctures, screwdrivers. Of the polished tools, axes and adzes are the most numerous. In contrast to the Boborykin-Koshkinsky complex, the stone inventory of settlements of the Kokui culture lacks beveled points and geometric microliths.
Tobolo-Ishimya complexes with combed ceramics
During the period of existence of the Kokui and Poludenkov cultures with receding-comb and receding-comb-pit ornamental traditions, comb ornament on dishes is combined with receding-drawn and dimpled patterns. Often, combed impressions, most often made with a "rocking chair", are overlapped with a straight drawn line or a wavy one applied with a receding stick. As an independent comb ornament, it is found on a small number of vessels in the Boborykin-Koshkinsky antiquities (Vasiliev et al., 1998) and the complex of the Southern Administrative District-18 ("8th point"), which probably co-existed with the Boborykin one (Zakh and Matveeva, 1997). However, the flowering of the comb-shaped ornamental tradition in the Tobolo-Ishim region is associated with the Late Neolithic period.
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Sosnovoostrovskaya culture
The area of Late Neolithic monuments outlined by V. F. Starkov included three groups of them - the North Ossetian, Ural, and Tobolsk ones (Starkov, 1980). M. F. Kosarev narrowed the area of complexes close to Sosnovoostrovsky to "the Sverdlovsk-Tagil and Tyumen regions of the Lower Part of the Volga Region" (1981, p. 23).
The settlements of the Tobolsk group are located on the territory of the Tobolsk-Ishim region and form, in my opinion, the core of the Sosnovoostrov culture. Their greatest concentration is observed in the Lower Tributary along the banks of the Andreevskaya lake system, the Tarmansky lake-swamp massif, and the Tobol-Iseti interfluve (Matveev et al., 1997; Volkov and Dryabina, 2001). Some monuments with Sosnovoostrovskaya or similar ceramics are found in the Kurgan region of the Upper Volga region and the Lower Ishim region (Panfilov, 1993). Settlements are located on elevated areas or slopes of terraces of rivers and lakes, on remnants among vast floodplain or swampy massifs. Residential buildings were sub-square or sub-rectangular semi-dugouts with an area of 46 to 100 m2 (Viktorova, 1968; Stefanov, 1991; Dryabina and Parkhimovich, 1991; Aleksashenko and Viktorova, 1991; Panfilov, 1993).
Ceramics were made from clay of hydrosludomontmorillonite composition with an admixture of dusty clastic material, sand and chamotte were added. Small irregular formations enriched in iron hydroxides with an admixture of quartz grains, single rounded ferruginous and small rounded phosphate inclusions of organic origin, possibly fish remains, as well as guano in the form of isotropic oval fragments of light gray and bright brown color are noted. Dishes are closed semi-egg-shaped with a slightly rounded, sometimes flattened corolla, in rare cases with a slight influx from the inside, a rounded or pointed bottom.
The ornament covers the entire surface of the vessel to the bottom, including the inner edge of the corolla. Impressions of the comb in the form of a "rocking chair" predominate. The elements of the ornament are stable, dominated by straight, wavy and zigzag horizontal lines, which are often combined with each other. Individual triangles, including interpenetrating ones, rhombuses, and other geometric shapes.
Stone tools include end scrapers, sharp points, chisels, arrowheads, and knives. Knives, axes and adzes are made of slate, while various abrasive tiles are made of sandstone.
Chronology and periodization
The multilayered nature of most settlements and the mixed cultural layers on the monuments of the Pritobolye make it difficult to solve the question of the stratigraphic ratio of Neolithic complexes. One cannot but agree with V. T. Kovaleva that it is not always possible to dissect Poludenkov, Kozlov and Koshkinsky antiquities due to the vagueness of their typological characteristics [1989, p.39]. Researchers have no objections to the lower stratigraphic position of the Boborykin complexes relative to the antiquities of the Early Metal Epoch (Andreevsky, Shapkulsky, Comb-pit). Yurtobor-3 is the earliest Boborykin settlement with an almost homogeneous ceramic complex in the Pritobol region. The pits of the studied dwellings are filled with blackish sandy loam with carbonaceous inclusions. In all three dwellings, this layer is bounded from above and permeated by two or three horizontal orthander layers, which, in my opinion, mark cultural strata (Zach, 1995). The Boborykinsky cultural layer is overlain by gray and black sandy loam, in which later ceramics are found. On the bottom of the dwellings, composed of loam and orth-sandra, homogeneous Boborykin ware was found in the filling and pits.
The early appearance of the Boborykin culture in the Ishim region is evidenced by the materials of the Mergen-3 settlement. A homogeneous Boborykinsky complex was found in the population of the studied dwellings (Zakh and Skochina, 2002). An interesting fact is that the gray sandy loam (cultural layer) that filled the pit (primary filling), outside of it, lay directly on the mainland-yellowish loam, i.e. the dwelling was built on the lake terrace, which has not yet accumulated significant sod-humus deposits. Most likely, the layer of gray sandy loam in the dwelling and outside it was formed simultaneously. This indirectly indicates the antiquity of the settlement, which was built before or at the very beginning of the Atlantic Holocene period, when humus began to accumulate on the Mergenskaya Lake terrace, which overlapped the cultural layer of the Mesolithic settlement of Katenka, located nearby. The greater age of the Boborykin complexes compared to the Koshkinsky, Kozlovsky, and Poludenkov complexes can be judged not only from stratigraphy, but also from radiocarbon dating data (Fig. 5). Coal from dwellings 1 and 2 of the Yurtobor-3 settlement was dated 7701 ± 120 (UPI-559) and 9025 ± 70 (SOAN-5311) l.n. [Zakh, 1995; Poshekhonova, 2004]. A date of 7440 ± 60 BP (LE-1534) is known for the Boborykinsky complex of the Tashkovo-1 settlement (Timofeev and Zaitseva, 1996). However, dates, for example, for the Southern Administrative District-9
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BOBORYKIN CULTURE VI-first half of V millennium BC
Boborykin stage
Koshkinsky stage
5. Neolithic periodization scheme of the Tobolsk-Ishimya forest region.
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POLUDENKOVSKAYA CULTURE
The second half of the fifth-first third of the fourth millennium BC.
Poludenkovsky stage
Kozlovsky stage
KOKUI CULTURE
The second half of the fifth-first third of the fourth millennium BC.
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PRITOBOLYE
SOSNOVOOSTROVSKAYA CULTURE
The second - third third of the IV millennium BC.
PRIISHIMYE
SOSNOVOOSTROVSKAYA CULTURE
The second - third third of the IV millennium BC.
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Neolithic sites..., 1991, p. 198; Usacheva, 2001) and the Southern Administrative Region-18 have a rather large variation: 6750 ± 180 BP (LE-1287) and 9140 ± 60 BP (LE-2296), respectively. However, most of them still point to the existence of complexes of the Boborykin stage within the VI millennium BC, and possibly earlier.
In the Pritobol region, according to V. T. Kovaleva, "stratigraphic observations still allow us to establish the sequence of strata with finds of the Koshkinsky and Boborykin types" [1989, p. 34]. At the settlement of Tashkovo-3, "in the upper layer covering the pit of the Koshkinsky dwelling, Boborykin ceramics were located among other things, which indicates its later date" [Ibid., p. 31]. "The lower layer filling the pit of the dwelling is a dark gray sandy loam with a thickness of up to 1.2 m, in which ceramics from 20 to 25 vessels of the Koshkinsky type were found" [Ibid., p. 29]. In the Southern Administrative District-15, "two Boborykin dwellings were excavated, one of which cut through an earlier Koshkinsky-type dwelling, which made it possible to establish the later age of Boborykin antiquities relative to Koshkinsky" [Ibid., p. 50]. Nevertheless, V. T. Kovaleva doubts the stratigraphy, as she further notes: "However, the typological characteristics of ceramics and stone tools are the most convincing. Of all the groups of Neolithic ceramics in the forest Trans-Urals, Koshkinskaya is the most archaic " [Ibid., p. 34]. For Tashkov-3, an absolute date of 6380 ± 120 years was obtained. (LE-4344), corresponding to the second half of the fifth millennium BC [Ibid., pp. 29-30]. The Koshkinsky complex of the Istok-4 settlement dates back to a slightly earlier time, but within the fifth millennium BC - 6620 ± 260 BP (LE-2998) (Stefanova, 1991).
Radiocarbon dating data for the Kozlov materials and the Sumpany and Koksharovo-Yuryinsky synchronous materials cover a fairly large period of time. Coal from dwelling 1 of the Isetskoye Pravoberezhnoye settlement yielded two dates-7,950 ± 1290 (LE-3064) and 8,400 ± 400 BP (LE-3068) [Neolithic Monuments..., 1991, p. 198], one of which, with a large confidence interval, most likely refers to the Kozlovsky ceramic complex. With a well-defined typological belonging of ceramics to the Poludenkov culture (Kozlov and Poludenkov stages), such early dates are questionable. The most reliable chronological position of the Sumpany and Koksharovo-Yuryinsky materials, and with them the Kozlovsky ones, probably reflect the dates for the Sumpany settlements-4 and 6, which do not go beyond the V millennium BC.
The time of the Poludenkov complexes ' existence in the Lower part of the Volga Basin was determined by the date 5590 ± 195 BP (LE-1286), obtained from coal from a pit from the bottom of dwelling 2 of the Quarry-2 settlement located on Lake Andreevsky (Varankin, 1982). In my opinion, the estimate of the age of the Poludenkov complexes of this settlement and the Koksharovo-Yurinskaya site (5190 ± 60 BP (LE-2058)) is overestimated. It is more consistent with the time of existence of complexes with comb ceramics of Duvansky-5 (5295 ± 60 BP (LE-1368)) and similar ones found at the Serebryanka-1 settlement (6200 ± 200 (UPI-556), 5095 ± 78 (UPI-637), 5690 ± 40 (UPI-636 On the latter, two dwellings with comb-shaped ceramics intersect a dwelling with Kokui ware (Panfilov, 1993), which, in my opinion, is synchronous to the complexes of the Kozlov and Poludenkov stages of the Poludenkov culture. Most likely, the existence of the latter is limited to the V millennium BC, but perhaps the upper limit lies at the very beginning of the IV millennium BC.
The chronological position of early comb ceramics and complexes of the Sosnovoostrovskaya culture is determined by stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dates. Dishes with comb-shaped ornamentation are already known in the Boborykin and Koshkinsky complexes in the settlements of Uk-6, Yurtobor-3, Dvukhozernoye, etc. There is evidence that the Sosnovo-Ostrovsky dwelling was cut by a pit with Boborykin ceramics in the Southern Administrative District-18 ("8th point") (Zakh and Matveeva, 1997).
The planigraphic division of the Kozlovsky and Sosnovoostrovsky complexes corresponding to certain buildings was traced in the Duvanskoye-5 settlement. According to V. I. Stefanov, dwelling 1 with Kozlov ceramics is earlier than dwelling 2 with Sosnovoostrov dishes, for which the date 5295 ± 60 BP (LE-1367) was obtained from coal from the bottom [1991]. On the Serebryanka-1 settlement, two dwellings with ceramics close to Sosnovoostrovskaya, which cut the two-chamber dwelling with Kokui dishes, are dated from coal to the first half of the IV millennium BC (Panfilov, 1993, p. 21).
The considered Neolithic materials of the Tobolo-Ishimya region allow us to suggest a periodization in which the earliest position is occupied by the Boborykin culture of the alien population, which together with local Mesolithic complexes served as the basis for the formation of subsequent cultures of the region (see Figure 5).
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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 06.09.05.
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