"To the old world, the world of national oppression, national strife, or national isolation, the workers oppose the new world of unity of the working people of all nations, in which there is no room for a single privilege, nor for the slightest oppression of man by man." These words are carved on the marble slabs of the monument to V. I. Lenin, erected by the workers of Bukhara in 1924, when the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was formed-one of the 15 equal union republics in the unified family of the USSR. The more than half-century history of Soviet Uzbekistan is the years of heroic labor of workers, collective farmers, intellectuals, building a new life with the fraternal help of all the peoples of our country, the years when a part of the country's single economic organism was created and developed. The workers of the republic welcomed the XXV Congress of the CPSU with new achievements in the economy and culture, achieved as a result of the creative work of the Uzbek people and all the nations and nationalities living on the territory of the Uzbek SSR, as a result of the labor victories of all the peoples of our country, "the consistent implementation of Lenin's national policy" 1
Issues of socio-economic, political and cultural development of the Uzbek SSR during the period of developed socialism were reflected in speeches of leading figures of the party and government, as well as in a number of research works .2 But in the specialized literature, the years of the eighth and ninth five-year plans have not yet received wide coverage. Thus, the facts presented in the article, especially for the last five years, cannot yet be considered exhaustive .3
The current level of industry, agriculture and culture in Uzbekistan clearly demonstrates what can be achieved in the future.-
1 " On the 50th anniversary of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan". "Communist of Uzbekistan", 1974, N 1, p. 3.
2 See L. I. Brezhnev. On the fiftieth anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. "Lenin's course", vol. 4. Moscow, 1974; his own. Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the next tasks of the Party in the field of domestic and foreign policy, Moscow, 1976; " Speech of Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU on October 25, 1976." "Kommunist", 1976, N 16; Sh. R. Rashidov. Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan to the XIX Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. Pravda Vostoka, 4. II. 1976; his. The formation of the USSR and the triumph of Lenin's national policy in Uzbekistan. "The great power of friendship of peoples". Tashkent, 1973; it is the same. Language of brotherhood and friendship of peoples. "Kommunist", 1976, N 3; see also: Yu. R. Kurbanov. Results of the ninth five-year plan and tasks of agricultural workers of Uzbekistan for a worthy meeting of the XXV Congress of the CPSU and the fulfillment of socialist obligations for 1976. Pravda Vostoka, 7. II. 1976; A. U. Salimov. Unprecedented flourishing. "Soviet Culture", 28. XII. 1973; "History of the Uzbek SSR", Vol. IV. Tashkent. 1968; " History of the working class! Soviet Uzbekistan". Tashkent, 1974, and others.
3 This article is written using the materials of the current archive of the Central State Administration of the Uzbek SSR.
page 3
In the course of one generation's life under the Soviet regime, we will be able to eliminate the peoples who were backward in the past. The foundations of these achievements were laid in the pre-war period and the first post-war years. By 1950, the production of all gross industrial output in the republic increased by 82% compared to 1940, the electric power industry-by 529%, mechanical engineering and metalworking - by 570.5%, gross agricultural output - by 36%, the number of workers and employees in the national economy - by 16%. Uzbekistan has become the main cotton base of the country. If in 1940, 1385.9 million tons of cotton were collected here, then in 1950-2225.6 million tons. In 1950, 253.7 thousand workers and employees worked in the republic's industry (181.5 thousand people, respectively, in 1940); in agriculture - 113.8 thousand (103.6 thousand); in healthcare-59.6 thousand (40.9 thousand); in education - 107.1 thousand (91.7 thousand); in science and scientific services - 14.7 thousand. (10.2 thousand)4 . This multinational group of workers solved complex tasks in all branches of the national economy of the republic.
The years preceding the entry of the USSR into the period of developed socialist society were characterized by a further equalization of the educational level of the nations and nationalities of the USSR. In an unprecedented short period of time, the peoples who were practically illiterate before the revolution, in terms of the number of people with higher and secondary education, have become on a par with the developed nations. All this also applies to the Uzbek SSR, where, according to the 1897 census, 96.4% of the people living on its lands could not read or write. As L. I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, noted, " the Uzbek SSR alone now employs more specialists with higher and secondary special education than in the national economy of the entire Soviet Union in the late 1920s. A great science was born and firmly established - many thousands of scientists work fruitfully in the republican academies. Much more modest achievements in the capitalist world are often called " miracles." But what happened in Soviet Central Asia, in Soviet Kazakhstan, we Communists do not see anything supernatural. This is, so to speak, a natural miracle - natural for the Soviet government, for socialism, for the relations of friendship and brotherhood of peoples that have established themselves in our country."5
It was this spirit of friendship and brotherhood of peoples that allowed the Uzbek SSR, as well as other republics of the country, to solve the gigantic tasks of developing industry, agriculture and culture in the 50s. Of great importance for the industrial development of Uzbekistan were the decisions of the XX - XXV Congresses of the CPSU, which, consistently continuing the principles of Lenin's national policy of systematic and proportional growth of productive forces in the interests of the country as a whole and each republic separately, set the Soviet people the task of particularly intensive development of the eastern regions of the country. Uzbekistan continued to develop its cotton processing industry, as well as its fuel and energy base. Hydroelectric power stations were built, the Angren brown coal field was developed for the needs of the state District power Station, natural gas fields were developed, machine-building plants were put into operation, which supplied equipment for cotton growing and irrigation construction. In the republic, the production of mineral fertilizers was developed, new factories and plants for processing agricultural raw materials were built, as well as metallurgical enterprises.
On the lands of Central Asia, the most valuable agricultural crop is mainly grown, which provides raw materials for light industry-
4 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR for 50 years". Jubilee Statistical Yearbook. Tashkent, 1974, p. 108.
5 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 4, p. 53.
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- cotton. For the development of cotton growing and the creation of large highly mechanized farms for the production of this important product, equipment is needed that replaces manual labor in the cultivation and harvesting of cotton. Plants were built in the republic, which began to produce seeders, cultivators, machines for fertilizing the soil, pollinators and sprayers, cotton gins and new multi-row cotton harvesting machines for the needs of cotton growing. The Tashkent Plant of Agricultural Engineering (Tashselmash), the largest cotton harvesting machine manufacturer in our country, was built, producing more than 160 types of machines for the needs of all cotton - growing republics. During the eighth and, above all, the ninth five-year plans, this plant developed and mastered the production of a four-row high-performance cotton harvesting machine. It was created by work teams consisting of Uzbeks, Russians, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Tajiks, Tatars, Moldovans, and Belarusians. Particularly distinguished was the team of the turner E. N. Badiko, who daily fulfilled the norm by 150%. The work of such workers as I. R. Portnoy, B. Haider, and V. Gamayun and others, allowed the Tashselmash plant to reach the production line of more than 8,500 cotton harvesters in five years 6 .
During the years of the eighth and ninth five-year plans, irrigation equipment began to be produced more in the republic, primarily excavators, earthmoving machines, dredgers, as well as metal structures for various irrigation structures. Oil mills and cotton gins receive down-separating machines and other types of technological equipment from Uzbek enterprises. For textile factories, the production of roving machines and other equipment has been established.
The 50s and 60s were characterized by a large volume of geological exploration in the Uzbek SSR and the industrial development of deposits of coal, gas, oil, mineral and construction materials, tungsten, copper, lead, zinc and other minerals, which were not only of national, but also of all-Union significance. In the early 1950s, a number of mining hubs were created on the basis of open deposits of non-ferrous metals. Among them, the first place is rightfully occupied by the Angren-Almalyk mining complex. Already in 1950 - 1955, the Angren nitrogen-tuk plant and the Ferghana Oil Refinery were put into operation, enterprises for the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metals were reconstructed and put into operation. By the beginning of the ninth five-year plan, the non-ferrous metallurgy of the republic acquired all-Union significance, and the city of Angren in the post-war years became a major mining center of all-Union significance.
The discovery of gas deposits during the seven-year period allowed the construction of a complex for its industrial processing in the Gazli region to begin. Only in 1951-1965, 438 industrial enterprises were put into operation in Uzbekistan, including new chemical giants, such as the Navoi chemical Plant, the largest in Central Asia, and the Papsky plant of rubber products. The most important new buildings not only in the Uzbek SSR, but throughout Central Asia were the Angren GRES with a capacity of 600 thousand kW, the Takhiatash HPP and the Tashkent GRES, with a design capacity of 7 billion kW. kilowatt-hours. These electric giants were put into operation successively in the eighth and ninth five-year plans.
Now Uzbekistan supplies products of non-ferrous metallurgy and machine-building industry not only to Central Asia. Tashtekstilkombinat's products are sent to Vladivostok, Balashov, Khabarovsk, Abakan, Kazan and other cities; Chirchik electric cars are sold in the following cities:-
6 Pravda, 25. XI. 1972.
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The construction plant supplies power equipment to Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Frunzenskaya, Sterlitamakskaya, Chardzhouskaya and other heating plants. The equipment of the Kinap plant in Samarkand is rightfully world-famous 7 . Uzbekistan's natural gas is transported to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Through the Bukhara - Ural gas pipeline, it also reached industrial enterprises of the RSFSR. After the construction of the powerful Central Asia - Center gas pipeline was completed during the eighth and ninth five-year plans, cheap fuel from the fields of Uzbekistan enters the Moscow Gas Ring and many cities of the RSFSR. Billions of cubic meters of gas flow through it every year. "Today, the industrial face of the republic," Sh.R. Rashidov, a candidate for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, emphasized in 1973, " is determined by energy, mechanical engineering, non - ferrous metallurgy, and chemistry. We have over a hundred industries that unite 1,300 large enterprises. " 8 In 1975, there were already 1,470 enterprises operating in the republic.
During the years of the eighth and ninth five - year plans, a new industry-gold mining-has developed in Uzbekistan. The field was discovered in 1959. We've been looking for it for a long time. Even in ancient times, the peoples of Central Asia called one of the rivers "Zaravshan", that is, "gold-bearing". Products made of Zarafshan gold rightfully adorn the best museum collections in the world. So, in the British Museum there is a gold model of a chariot from the "Amu Darya treasure", in the State Hermitage Museum-a figurine of a woman. However, despite the data on Central Asian gold known from medieval literature and numerous legends about it, it was not possible to discover the gold deposit for a long time. More than one geological expedition returned to the bases with nothing. The multinational team of G. V. Kasavchenko's geological party has been searching for a gold deposit for a long time and persistently. After a hard search, it was finally discovered in the foothills of Muryntau. For this discovery, G. V. Kasavchenko was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor.
During the eighth five-year period, the volume of industrial output of the Uzbek SSR increased approximately 1.4 times; gas production-1.9 times; electricity production - 1.6 times; mineral fertilizers - 1.9 times; refined copper - 2.3 times; silk fabrics - 1.3 times. In 1971, natural gas production was increased to 33.7 thousand cubic meters against 16.5 thousand cubic meters. m in 1965 9 . 3.3 billion rubles were spent on the implementation of the entire industrial development program of the Uzbek SSR for the eighth five-year period. The production of the most important types of industrial products in the republic has increased hundreds of times, and in some sectors - thousands of times, compared to 1913. Electricity generation, for example, has increased by more than 7,260 times. Indicators of the level of economic development of Uzbekistan are gradually approaching those of the entire Union. In the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the XXIV Party Congress, L. I. Brezhnev pointed out: "The economic potential of Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia and Kazakhstan has grown significantly. The national economy of all the republics has taken a step forward, and the contribution of each of them to solving national problems has increased. This means that the economic basis of the union and brotherhood of all our peoples has expanded. " 10
The success of Uzbekistan's development over the years looks even more grandiose
7 Yu. N. Aleskerov. Years equal to centuries. Tashkent, 1973, p. 262.
8 Sh. R. Rashidov. The formation of the USSR and the triumph of Lenin's national policy in Uzbekistan, p. 14.
9 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1971". Statistical yearbook. Tashkent, 1972, p. 3.
10 "XXIV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". Stenographic report, vol. 1, Moscow, 1971, p. 58.
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the ninth five-year plan. The volume of industrial production in the republic increased by 51% instead of 46-49%, which were provided for by directives under the ninth five-year plan. Almost 1.7 billion rubles ' worth of industrial products were sold in excess of the plan. Tasks related to coal, gas, electricity, cement, agricultural machinery, and cotton fiber production were exceeded. The growth of industrial output in comparison with the eighth five-year plan doubled, and only in one 1975 year was as much output produced as in the entire fifth five-year plan. The electric power industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and mechanical engineering, especially electronics and instrument making, were developing ahead of schedule. The accelerated development of industry in the republic was based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress. As of July 1, 1975, there were 211 complex-mechanized, automated and complex-automated enterprises and 1907 sites and workshops in the Uzbek SSR. Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine has become a pioneer in the introduction of technology for the production of rough copper by oxygen-flare melting. During the ninth five-year plan, fixed production assets in industry increased 1.6 times and amounted to almost 8 billion rubles at the end of 1975. More than 100 large enterprises were built and put into operation.
The electric power industry has achieved great success. Only in the last 10 years, the capacity of power plants in the republic has increased 2.4 times, and over the past 5 years it has increased by 1.9 million kilowatts. The Tashkent and Syrdarya power plants produced as much electricity in 1975 as all the power plants in the republic in 1970. Tashkent GRES, the country's largest open - type power plant, was put into permanent commercial operation, and four power units of Syrdarya GRES were put under load. The increased electric power base of the republic made it possible to increase production in metallurgy and mechanical engineering on an even larger scale, and the output of mineral fertilizers increased by more than 2 million tons in 1971-1975. In non-ferrous metallurgy, the production of copper, zinc, tungsten, and molybdenum was increased, and the production of hard alloys and tungsten wire was established. Significant changes occurred during the ninth five-year plan in the technical re-equipment of industry. Five new plants were built and almost all the plants that were put into operation during the first five-year plans were reconstructed. As a result, mechanical engineering output increased 1.8 times. Large changes are typical for the cotton gin industry. 15 new cotton gins and 56 harvesting stations were put into operation. In 1971-1975, 200 million rubles were invested in this industry. The light, food and local industries were further developed, with more than 800 million rubles invested in them, which is 1.5 times more than in the eighth five-year plan. More than 40 new enterprises were put into operation and 150 existing ones were reconstructed 11 . Stating the success of the Uzbek SSR in the field of industrial development, Sh. R. Rashidov at the XXV Congress of the CPSU noted: "airliners, tractors, excavators, cotton harvesting machines, unique devices, machine tools, compressors and other complex machines, mechanisms and aggregates are being created in the republic" 12 .
The process of industrial development, mining and development of new land in the Uzbek SSR led to the growth of cities and the urban population. Industrial development,
11 Pravda Vostoka, 4. II. 1976.
12 "XXV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". Stenographic report, vol. 1, Moscow, 1976, p. 178.
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The reorganization of old and construction of new enterprises, the development of virgin lands contributed to the movement of population to Uzbekistan from other regions of the country. Along with such centers as Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand, Ferghana, Andijan, Khiva and Nukus, young industrial cities such as Almalyk, Navoi, Bekabad, Yangiabad, Leninsk, Kuvasay, Gazli, Gulistan, Muynak and Zaravshan have grown. Only during the seven-year period, 1.2 billion rubles were allocated for the development of public utilities in the republic 13 .
Under the influence of technological progress and changes in the sectoral structure of the national economy, there was a redistribution of labor resources. Despite the natural growth of the population (in Uzbekistan in 1975 it was 27.3% per 1 thousand people), as well as the fact that there is a certain surplus of workers in rural areas, the growing needs of industry for labor were not fully met. In this connection, there was an objective need for an influx of labor into the republic's industry from other regions of the Soviet Union, which reflected the Leninist principles of the CPSU's national policy. As a result, the national composition of the population of the Uzbek SSR has changed. Thus, for the period from 1926 to 1970, it is characterized by the following data (in%): 14 :
1926
1959
1970
Uzbeks
74,2
62,1
65,5
Russians
5,4
13,5
12,5
Tatars
0,6
5,5
4,9
Kazakhs
2,3
4,2
4,0
Tajiks
7,9
3,8
3,8
Koreans
-
1,7
1,3
Ukrainians
0,5
1,1
0,9
Kyrgyz people
1,8
1,1
0,9
Turkmens
0,5
0,7
0,6
Other nationalities
6,8
6,3
5,6
Between the last two censuses, the population in the Uzbek SSR increased by 3,681,000 people (from 8,119,000 to 11,800), 15 and the growth rate was 3 times higher than in the Union as a whole. Representatives of 121 nations and nationalities now live in Uzbekistan.
In the period of a developed socialist society, the cooperation of the Soviet republics is by no means limited to the redistribution of labor and mutual cooperative supplies. Of particular importance are those forms of economic relations that were born in the years of industrialization and collectivization, namely, the unification of the efforts of several republics to solve important national economic problems. Thus, in the post-war years, the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR cooperated in the construction of the Chardzhou-Kungrad railway line, as well as the large lake collector. During the sixth five-year plan, residents of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan created the Kairak-Kuma hydroelectric power station. In 1959-1970, three Soviet republics (Uzbek, Tajik, and Kazakh) actively developed the Holodnaya Square area.
13 "History of the Uzbek SSR", Vol. IV, p. 318.
14 The table is based on data from the statistical yearbook " National Economy of Central Asia in 1963 "(Tashkent, 1964, p. 9) and the magazine " Communist of Uzbekistan "(1972, No. 1, p. 81).
15 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1974". Statistical yearbook. Tashkent, 1975, p. 7.
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steppes. Natural uniformity and territorial compatibility made it possible to jointly solve major national economic problems and use oil and gas basins located on the territory of several republics of Central Asia. Thus, the Karakum gas-bearing basin is located in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, the Ustyurt basin covers Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, and the Ferghana Basin covers Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The relations of the Uzbek SSR with other regions of the country have reached a wide development. Uzbekistan has received a significant amount of industrial equipment from other fraternal republics. Tashkent plant "Liftnik" is supplied with nodes for cranes and equipment from Magnitogorsk crane, Chebarkul foundry and mechanical and Belokholunitsky machine-building plants. Industrial enterprises of Ukraine supply diesel locomotives for the railways of the republic and supply it with stainless steel 16 . Heavy trucks come from Belarus, radio equipment - from Latvia and Lithuania, Leningrad specialists have perfectly re-equipped the canneries of Samarkand and Ferghana. There is not a single republic that does not provide friendly assistance to the Uzbek SSR. In turn, Uzbekistan supplies cotton fiber to enterprises of the RSFSR, the Baltic States, Transcaucasia, and Ukraine. Heavy road vehicles with the brand of Uzbek factories can be found on road construction sites in Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. The republic exports coal, gasoline, petroleum products, iron ore, fabrics, cement, steel and cast-iron pipes, clothing, underwear, knitwear, and shoes to other regions of the country according to mutual supply plans. "Tashselmash", created with the help of Kharkiv machine builders, makes various equipment for cotton fields in other republics. The Andijan plant "Kommunar" supplies hydraulic pumps for cotton enterprises of Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Products of the Tashkent Cable Factory go to many places. Steel and rolled products are supplied from Uzbekistan's metallurgical plants to enterprises of the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan, as well as to Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the RSFSR. The Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan closely cooperate in the production and distribution of electricity through the unified energy system.
The development of industry in Uzbekistan was accompanied by a quantitative and qualitative growth in the ranks of the working class, and the number of workers and employees grew faster here than in the whole Union. Thus, if in 1950 873.8 thousand people worked in the national economy of the republic, then in 1975 - 3343 thousand. 76% of the total working-age population is employed in the material production sectors. Significant changes have taken place in the national composition of the working class. According to the data of 1959, 36.4% of the workers were indigenous people (21% in 1939). Now there are about 2 million workers in the republic, half of them are Uzbeks.
The Communist Party's policy of emancipating the women of the East has long produced fruitful results. The proportion of women among workers and employees in 1971 was 42%17 . By the end of the ninth five-year plan, 72,000 women-specialists with higher and secondary specialized education-worked in factories, construction sites and transport; "in healthcare-90 thousand; public education-130 thousand; about 12 thousand women are researchers, including 88 doctors and 2689 candidates of sciences. In 1967, a prominent machine operator of the Uzbek SSR T. Akhunova was awarded the Lenin Prize for mastering new equipment.-
16 S. H. Sirazhdinov. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Moscow, 1972, p. 48.
17 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR for 50 years", p. 179; "National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1971", p. 225.
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youkai award. Only in 1973, for high performance on the labor front, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to the worker of the cotton gin plant R. Rakhimova, assistant master of the silk factory K. Sadykova, spinner B. Juraeva, weaver K. Kazantseva; 23 women of the Uzbek SSR were elected deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the ninth five - year plan, 151 - deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, 40585-deputies of the local councils; 17 women worked as ministers and deputy ministers, heads and deputy heads of republican departments and organizations 18 .
Over the past 30 years, the republic's agriculture has achieved tremendous success and has become a highly mechanized industrial sector of the national economy. Manual labor has almost disappeared. Irrigation and tillage are carried out by powerful machines and aggregates specially adapted to the conditions of Central Asia. Now more than 148 thousand tractors and 28 thousand cotton harvesting machines are working in the fields of the republic. There are now more than 400 hp of energy capacity per 100 ha of acreage .19 Representatives of many nationalities - Uzbeks, Tajiks, Karakalpaks, Russians, Ukrainians, Kyrgyzs, Kazakhs, Koreans and others-work in the republic's agriculture. Uzbek cotton growers have done much to increase the production of raw cotton. This was facilitated by the measures taken after the adoption of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in August 1956 of the resolution "On irrigation of virgin lands of the Hungry Steppe in the Uzbek and Kazakh SSR" 20 . This decree defined industrial methods of cultivation of cotton and many other agricultural crops in the Uzbek SSR, provided for the development of new lands and further intensification of agricultural production.
To implement new farming methods, a specialized organization Glavgolodnostepstroy was created, which concentrated everything in its hands-from the construction of underground drainage structures to basketball courts in villages, from the selection of cotton varieties to the development of nursery projects. All material resources and human resources were transferred to this organization, which implements the most modern agricultural techniques to obtain high yields. Here, for the first time, flexible hoses and reinforced concrete mounted waterways were used for irrigation of cotton (instead of traditional ditches). Collective farm fields are designed for multi-row machine harvesting of cotton. In 1961, a year after the beginning of work, the collective farms of the Hungry Steppe produced 20 thousand tons of cotton, in 1962 - 30 thousand, in 1965-80 thousand, and in 1970 - about 200 thousand tons of cotton. Only for the period from 1955 to 1959, 90 thousand hectares of new land were developed in Uzbekistan.
In addition to the Hungry Steppe, other regions of the republic were developed, irrigated,and watered. One of them is Charvak, a nationwide construction site for the eighth and ninth five-year plans. More than 500 enterprises supplied it with machines and mechanisms. Never before has a person managed to raise river waters to a 168-meter height, which rotate four turbines of 650 thousand kW each, made by Leningraders. The huge bowl of the lake holds more than 2 billion cubic meters of water. All these are the fruits of the dedicated work of a multinational team. Representatives of more than 30 nationalities worked here. Many of them built dams of Bratsk, Nurek and other power plants. The tunnelers S. Zhukov, G. Petukhov, and H. Rakhimbabayev became famous for their heroic work, and they performed 21 shift tasks every day . In June 1973, she graduated from-
18 "The Communist of Uzbekistan", 1974, N 2, pp. 33, 34.
19 Pravda Vostoka, 4. II. 1976.
20 "History of the Uzbek SSR", Vol. IV, p. 263.
21 "Pravda", 9. I. 1972.
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The construction of the Karshi Canal was completed. The waters of the "mad river" (Jeyhun), as the Amu Darya was called in the old days, rushed into the depths of the desert. Now its life-giving moisture has revived hundreds of hectares of previously lifeless land. What people who were bound by feudal exploitation could not master for centuries was done under socialism in the span of a single generation. Friendship of peoples helps multinational groups to perform miracles. The Karshi Canal was built by representatives of more than 40 nationalities. Great success was achieved by the excavator driver S. Serdikov, and the bulldozer operators X. Khazratkulov, K. Abdullaev, Yu. Tsvetkov and many others. Sophisticated equipment came here from Moscow, Minsk, Gorky, Chelyabinsk, Kremenchug 22 . "Yellow Silence" turns into a blooming oasis, created by the hands of people united by a single aspiration.
Artificial irrigation of land is of paramount importance for the republic. Over the seven-year period, the capacity of all reservoirs in Uzbekistan has increased by 1.135 billion cubic meters. The South Kholodnostep, Shirabad, and Amubukhar canals, as well as the Chimkurgan, Tashkent, and first stages of the South Surkhan and Karkidan reservoirs, which reached full capacity by 1970, were put into operation23 . By 1972, there were more than 800 irrigation systems in operation in the republic, which operated 48 thousand hydraulic structures. The length of the entire irrigation network was 142 thousand kilometers. And over the past 5 years, irrigated areas in Uzbekistan have increased by 300 thousand hectares and now amount to 2.947 million. the amount of capital investment in water management in 1975 reached 923 million rubles. The Takhiatash and Akdarya, Palman, Karman, Amubukhar hydroelectric power stations, Andijan, Big Namangan, Karshi main and Ulyanovsk canals were built. One of the most striking examples of the skillful use of irrigation and land reclamation was the activities in the Khorezm region, which was previously in last place in terms of cotton yield. Khorezm and Karakalpakstan are the northernmost cotton-growing areas in the world, but now the Khorezm region ranks first in the world in terms of crop productivity24 . This milestone has been reached on old-arable, recently saline lands. The workers of Khorezm saved hundreds of thousands of hectares of fertile land from salinization by skillfully applying a certain method of washing it-
Agriculture of the Uzbek SSR achieved great success during the ninth five-year plan. Its gross output grew by 17%. In comparison with the eighth five-year plan, raw cotton production increased by 23%, grain - by 17% (1971-1975 as a percentage of 1966-1970). Significant changes occurred in the development of cotton growing. Despite three unfavorable years, 24.5 million tons of raw cotton were sold to the state, which is 2.3 million tons more than planned. In comparison with the eighth five-year plan, the gross harvest of this valuable raw material increased by 4.6 million tons, with 3 million received due to increased yields. In the last year of the five-year plan, more than 5 million tons were produced and 0.24 million tons of especially valuable fine-fiber raw cotton were harvested for the first time. In general, the yield increased (1975) to 28.3 centners per ha, but many regions exceeded this figure. Khorezm region gave 39 ts, Surkhandarya - 33.6, over 30 gave Andijan, Namangan, Tashkent regions and Karakalpak ASSR 25 . Almost half of the cotton crop is now harvested in the Republic of Belarus. The socialist competition between cotton - growing republics played an important role in obtaining high yields.-
22 Pravda, 2. VI. 1973.
23 "XXIV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", vol. 1, p. 196.
24 Pravda Vostoka, 4. II. 1976.
25 Ibid.
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Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. It helped to critically evaluate the work and use the rich experience of the fraternal republics.
Uzbekistan has achieved great success in grain growing, vegetable growing, horticulture, and viticulture. Grain growers produced 5.3 million tons of grain during the ninth five-year plan, which is 22% more than in the eighth five-year plan. Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the largest granary of rice, collecting 0.56 million tons of this most valuable product. Livestock breeders have also made major strides. This industry is increasingly being transferred to an industrial basis. Lake-commodity and pond fisheries were developed. During the ninth five-year plan, more than 113 thousand cocoons were sold to the state - the most valuable raw materials for the silk-weaving industry.
The destiny of V. I. Lenin is coming true, who, when signing the Decree on the organization of irrigation works in Turkestan, foresaw the great social significance of this event for the development of agriculture among peoples who have passed the capitalist stage of development and are immediately moving to socialism26 . Only during the years of the ninth five-year plan, the state and collective farms of the republic invested 3.5 billion rubles in water management construction, or by 1.7 billion rubles. more than in the eighth five-year plan. The implementation of the Leninist cooperative plan in previously backward areas led to an upsurge in agricultural production in Uzbekistan. Currently, there are 953 collective farms and 572 state farms equipped with advanced agricultural machinery in the republic .27 It is managed by a multinational detachment of machine-building personnel, which is annually replenished in the republic by 100 thousand people .28
Specialization and concentration of production have become widespread, and inter-farm cooperation is expanding. In Uzbekistan, there are 83 inter-collective farms and 16 inter-collective animal feedlots, and agro-industrial associations are developing. The agro-industrial associations named after S. M. Kirov and Yangiyulskoe named after U. Yusupov achieved special success. The creation of industrial-type enterprises promotes the emergence of higher forms of cooperation, combining collective and state-farm production with industrial enterprises, and this further increases the material well-being of rural workers. Villages of the republic are being improved. New residential buildings designed according to the latest urban planning techniques, schools, medical institutions, clubs, cinemas, libraries, and stadiums have become commonplace in modern collective farm life. Complete radio identification of all rural areas has been carried out, and blue TV screens glow in many collective farmers ' homes. Capital construction has reached a huge scale in the republic (both in urban and rural areas). Over the past five years, almost the same amount of funds was invested in it (19 billion rubles) as in the previous two five-year plans (21.5 billion rubles). rub) 29 .
The development of Uzbekistan's economy is accompanied by a further flourishing of the spiritual life of its population, which is national in form, socialist in content, and internationalist in spirit and character. Much attention is paid to public education. If in 1953/54 in the Uzbek SSR there were 6,300 general education schools, in
26 See about it: I. I. Groshev. Historical experience of the CPSU in implementing Lenin's national policy. Moscow, 1967, p. 217; K. A. Gafurova. The struggle for international unity of the workers of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. 1917-1924. Moscow, 1972, p. 151; B. A. Tulepbaev. The triumph of Lenin's ideas of socialist transformation of agriculture in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Moscow, 1971, p. 429.
27 Pravda Vostoka, 7. II. 1976.
28 "Communist of Uzbekistan", 1975, N 1, p. 31.
29 "Pravda Vostoka". 7.II.1976.
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In 1975/76, there were 9,642 schools attended by 3.8 million students. National characteristics are taken into account in the long-term and current planning of public education. New methods of mastering sciences and polytechnic knowledge were introduced, and students ' labor education became mandatory, contributing to their psychological and practical preparation for the new, changed conditions that the scientific and technological revolution put forward. In the Uzbek SSR, by the beginning of the ninth five-year plan, there were 2,744 (1971/72) secondary school students for every 10,000 people, while 2,343 out of every 10,000 people were enrolled in the United States in 1971/72, 1,774 in England in 1970/71, and 375 in Afghanistan (1970/71) .30 General secondary education was further developed. At the expense of the state and collective farms, over the five-year plan, new schools were built for more than 700 thousand students, the number of teachers increased by 50 thousand, and now more than 5 million people, or one in three, are covered by all types of education in Uzbekistan. Further growth was characterized by the system of vocational training. In the ninth five-year plan alone, 147 new vocational schools were opened, and 272,000 skilled workers were trained for the needs of the national economy, which is 99.2 thousand more than in the eighth five-year plan. The number of students enrolled in vocational schools increased 2.4 times.
The pace of development of the economy of the Uzbek SSR contributed to the rapid restructuring of public education in order to provide both already developing and completely new industries with highly qualified personnel. In this regard, there are new plans and programs in schools. In recent years, the attention of the leading bodies of national education of the republic has been focused on the organization of labor and polytechnic training. In 1959, for example, 1.6 billion rubles were allocated for the reconstruction of public education in Uzbekistan, or 205 rubles per capita , 31 and in 1971, 1.2 billion rubles were allocated from the state budget and other sources for education alone in the republic. In 1961/62, industrial training of schoolchildren was conducted in the republic on the basis of 332 industrial enterprises and 506 collective farms. Funds and land plots were allocated for this purpose in factories, collective farms, and state farms. Currently, in the Uzbek SSR, as well as throughout the country, the transition to universal secondary education is underway.
Teaching in schools in several languages was of particular importance in shaping the international outlook of students. In the republic's schools, instruction is provided in the language that the student's parents prefer to choose for their child. The vast majority of students study in indigenous languages. Subjects are currently taught in seven languages: Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Turkmen. An important achievement of Lenin's national policy was the training of highly qualified teaching staff for schools in the Uzbek SSR. If in 1960/61 34.8% out of 84.8 thousand teachers in day schools of the Ministry of Education had higher education, by 1975/76 71.2% out of 197.2 thousand teachers had higher education.
In a developed socialist society, the social significance of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication has increased. "The Russian language," noted Sh. R. Rashidov, " is a language that summarizes the historical experience of humanity's struggle for a brighter future, a language in which priceless works of scientific and artistic thought are created, a language that is used by the world's most famous scientists.
30 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR for 50 years", p. 258.
31 Pravda Vostoka, 11. II. 1960.
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pioneers and discoverers... Objective prerequisites for the political and socio-economic development of our country in the context of the scientific and technological revolution, the rapid growth of multinational ties and cooperation lead to a further increase in the role and significance of the Russian language, and its influence on all aspects of the spiritual life of the peoples of the Soviet multinational state."32 For Uzbekistan , it is primarily the language of the people who were the first to extend a hand of friendship to the peoples of Central Asia, who provided them with unselfish assistance in eliminating economic and cultural backwardness. At a scientific and methodological meeting held in Tashkent in 1962, representatives of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan raised the issue of improving the study of the Russian language and Russian literature in non-Russian schools. Representatives of Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan recognized the need to introduce special lessons for reading works of Russian fiction. In 1972, Uzbekistan hosted an international conference on the study of the Russian language. Linguists of the republic generously shared their experience of teaching Russian with teachers from Asia, Africa and Latin America. In 1975. The All-Union Scientific Conference in Tashkent once again discussed the social significance of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication.
The Uzbek SSR has developed a great deal of higher education. The future national intelligentsia is being prepared in the republic's universities: cadres of teachers, scientists, literary and art workers, production managers, that is, people who, by their position, should be a model of creative work, communist ideology and morality, and conductors of international culture. If in 1953/54, 51.2 thousand people studied in full - time, evening and correspondence departments in higher education institutions of the republic, then in 1975/76-239.3 thousand. If in 1960/61 for every 10 thousand people in the Uzbek SSR there were 116 students33 , then in 1975/76 - 175, while the same number of people in Japan accounted for 138 students, in England - 90, in Italy - 120, in Turkey - 49, in Pakistan - 27, in the United States-10 thousand students. Iran - 15. Over the past decade, Uzbekistan has opened a medical institute in Andijan, an institute of culture and an electrotechnical institute of Communications in Tashkent, etc. If in the post - war years in the Uzbek SSR there were 33 universities (1945/46), now there are 42 of them. Only during the years of the ninth five-year plan, 4 universities and 24 technical schools were opened, about 422.8 thousand specialists were trained for the national economy.
Simultaneously with the growth in the number of students, the process of their rooting continues. If in 1950/51, Uzbek students in higher education institutions of the republic amounted to 17 thousand, Russians-12.4 thousand, Tajiks-800, Karakalpaks-800, Kyrgyz-200, Turkmens-100 people, then in 1974/75 there were: Uzbeks-134 thousand, Russians-40.5 thousand, Kazakhs-11.1 thousand, Tajiks - 5,6 thousand, Karakalpaks-3,9 thousand, etc. 34 . Representatives of more than 70 nationalities studied in higher education institutions of the republic in the eighth five-year plan. The number of subjects taught, especially technical ones, has expanded. The level of education of the republic's population is steadily increasing. Thus, if in 1959, according to the census, there were 354 people per 1 thousand with higher and secondary education (full and incomplete), then, according to the 1970 census - 458. Uzbekistan, in cooperation with other Central Asian republics, trains specialists in its universities for Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.-
32 Sh. R. Rashidov. The Language of Brotherhood and Friendship of Peoples, pp. 15-16.
33 "National economy of the USSR in 1970". Statistical Yearbook, Moscow, 1971, p. 119.
34 "National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1974", p. 314.
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In 1963 alone, 565 places were granted to applicants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan for out-of-competition admission in higher education institutions of the republic. At the same time, representatives of Uzbekistan were allocated places for non-competitive admission in universities of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States, and Transcaucasia.
Important changes have taken place in the quality of the student body. It has changed not only in national terms, but also in its social sources. The shortage of applicants from rural areas, which was felt back in the 50s, has now been overcome, and the children of collective farmers are now the main core of the future national intelligentsia. The student environment is characterized by the process of interaction and mutual influence of national cultures. Many of the students know two or even three languages, and one of them is necessarily Russian. Thanks to this, students have the opportunity to join the multinational cultural values of various nations and nationalities of the USSR. Students are growing creatively active, ideologically mature, and comprehensively developed 35 .
The success of higher education has facilitated a more rapid development of science. The number of scientific institutions in Uzbekistan increased from 143 in 1960 to 195 in 1975. If in 1953 there were 166 doctors and 1,491 candidates of sciences in scientific institutions of the Uzbek SSR, then in 1975 out of 30.8 thousand researchers working in Uzbekistan, 745 people had the degree of doctor of sciences, and 10,505 people had the degree of candidate of Sciences. Among the scientific workers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there were 14,821 people. The greatest growth in the number of scientific institutions occurred during the seven-year period. At that time, a number of institutes were created in the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. A major event in the scientific life of not only Uzbekistan, but also other Central Asian republics, was the opening of the Institute of Nuclear Physics with the first reactor in the Soviet East, which was installed and put into operation by scientists from Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine and other fraternal republics .36 Many thousands of researchers of the Republican Academy of Sciences are currently conducting research in almost all branches of modern science: physics (especially nuclear), biophysics, mechanics, electronics, mathematics and cybernetics, geology and hydrogeology, biology, economics and law, philosophy and sociology, history and archeology, ethnography, Oriental studies, literary studies and linguistics. The names of many prominent scientists of Uzbekistan and their works are well known to the Soviet scientific community and abroad. A whole galaxy of Uzbek scientists was awarded the Lenin or State Prize of the USSR, as well as the State Prize of the Uzbek SSR named after Biruni. For great scientific achievements, the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Academician A. S. Sadykov, received the title Hero of Socialist Labor.
Breeders of the republic have achieved outstanding success in the fight against wilt, this "cancer of cotton". Cotton fields in many countries around the world still suffer from this disease. Cotton-growing farms in Uzbekistan also began to lose a tenth, then a fifth, a fourth, and sometimes even half of the crop. Soon, the loss of raw cotton in the republic from wilt reached 500 thousand tons per year. Breeders S. M. Mirakhmetov and Yu. P. Khutornoy applied various methods of saving the cotton crop, and by 1963 they had developed a number of effective measures to combat this disease. Cotton is a savage native of Mexico ("Mexicarium"), was the key that opened the way to finding a wilt-resistant cotton variety. So the variety "Tashkent" appeared, and then the whole
35 See for more information: H. P. Pulatov. Communism, state, culture, personality. Tashkent, 1971.
36 G. E. Trapeznikov. To the history of the development of science and scientific cooperation of the republics of Central Asia during the seven-year period. "Social Sciences in Uzbekistan", 1969, N 5, p. 32"
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the series of these varieties is 37 . In 1971-1974, they sowed an area of more than 1 million hectares. In 1973, Sadyk Mirakhmetov and Yuri Petrovich Khutorny were awarded the State Prize for the creation and introduction of new varieties of cotton into production .38
Social sciences have developed widely in Uzbekistan. Considerable attention of the republic's scientists is focused on studying the formation and development of the Uzbek socialist nation, the flourishing of the culture and economy of the peoples of Uzbekistan, the history of social and philosophical thought of the peoples of Central Asia, the history of the republic, ethnography, and Oriental studies. In recent years, a number of fundamental works have been published, including "The Victory of Soviet Power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan", "History of the working Class of Uzbekistan", "Lenin and the construction of Soviet statehood in Turkestan", "Education and Development of the Uzbek SSR", "History of the Uzbek SSR", "History of Samarkand" and many others. Such scientists as V. A. Abdullayev, R. Abdushukurov, T. A. Abdushukurov, R. Kh. Aminova, Yu. N. Alaskerov, M. G. Vakhabov, I. K. Dodonov, K. E. Zhitov, S. K. Ziyadullayev, S. K. Kamalov, M. K. Nurmukhamedov, Kh. T. Tursunov, M. V. Abramovich, and others made a great contribution to the study of social sciences. M. Khairullaev, G. N. Chardantsev 39 .
The success of the development of scientific thought in Uzbekistan was due to the extensive cooperation that was established with all the fraternal republics of the country. It is through joint efforts that many methods of using the natural resources of Central Asia have been developed and successfully implemented. Thus, scientific institutions of the republic together with scientists of Kyrgyzstan were engaged in the use of natural resources of the Ferghana Valley. The problem of developing the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River was jointly solved by scientists from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan 40 .
Literature and art play an important role in shaping the communist consciousness and international education of the working people of the republic. Uzbek literature has been expanded with a number of remarkable works that reflect the ideas of the struggle for peace and friendship between peoples. Novels were written about socialist construction and collective farm life, about the development of the Hungry Steppe. Uzbek writers show in their works the social significance of the achievements of socialism through the destinies of their people. That is why their work is equally exciting for readers of any nation and nationality of our country.
Much attention is paid to literary translation in the republic. At the initiative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan in 1966, a set of measures was developed that provided for the translation into Uzbek of more than 300 works of literature of the peoples of the USSR. Hundreds of books by writers of the peoples of the USSR, other socialist states, as well as Eastern countries have been published in Uzbek. Works by A. Pushkin, L. Tolstoy, I. Turgenev, N. Nekrasov, M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky, M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, N. Tikhonov, S. Marshak, Ch. Aitmatov, Ya. Bryl, E. Bukov, M. Stelmakh, M. Tursun-Zade, P. Kuusberg, M. Kuliyev have been repeatedly reprinted in Uzbek, H. Turunbetov and many others. Success in the development of culture, in the flourishing of literature and art in Uzbekistan would have been unthinkable without the constant development of the process of interpenetration and mutual enrichment of the cultures of the fraternal Soviet peoples.
The flourishing of literature was promoted by the development of printing in the Russian Federation.-
37 "Literaturnaya gazeta", 10. XI. 1971.
38 Pravda, 7. XI. 1973.
39 A. S. Sadykov. A significant date of Russian science. Tashkent, 1974, p. 48, 49.
40 Current archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Annual reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR for 1959-1965 and 1965-1970; G. E. Trapeznikov. Op. ed., pp. 33, 34,
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a bagel. Over the past 10 years, children's magazines "Guncha" and "Gulkhan" have been created, and the youth publishing house "YESH Gvardiya"has been opened. The circulation of books, magazines and newspapers has increased many tens of times. Thus, if in 1940 the number of printed publications in Uzbekistan was 1,219, in 1975 their number reached 2,366, and the circulation increased from 11.2 million to 36.1 million. 22.5 million copies were issued in the Uzbek language alone. books against 9.4 million in 1940. The annual circulation of magazines and other periodicals rose to 134.3 million from 1.6 million in 1940. In 1940, 200 newspapers were published, and in 1975 - 250, of which 169 were published in the Uzbek language; the one-time circulation of newspapers in the Uzbek language increased to 3.3 million copies. against 0.6 million in 1940. The creativity of Uzbek composers developed. Symphonic forms of music were created on the basis of a specific national melos. At the same time, Uzbek musical creativity absorbs all the best from the experience of other peoples of the USSR. As a result of this synthesis, symphonic works of many composers of the republic became known not only in the USSR, but also far abroad. Famous Uzbek composer, People's Artist of the USSR M. A. Ashrafi was awarded the G. A. Nasser and J. R. R. Tolkien Awards for his work on Uzbek drama in the Arab Republic and India. Nehru 41 . Its cultural ties with all other Soviet republics are of no small importance for the flourishing of the national culture of the Uzbek SSR. Uzbek culture has been enriched with the best achievements of the culture of many nations and nationalities of the USSR. The "Decades", "Weeks" and "Days" of literature and art played an important role in this process. This creative communication has been especially widely used since 1951, after the first decade of Uzbek literature and art in Moscow. Decades of literature and art from all the republics of our country were successfully held in Uzbekistan. During the decades, works of literature and art of other peoples of the USSR were published in Uzbek and Russian languages. These events resulted in an exciting manifestation of the deep friendship of the fraternal peoples. Decades of Uzbek culture were also practiced in the fraternal countries of socialism.
Cinema has made significant progress. In recent years, a number of works by cinematographers of the republic have been released on the All-Union screen, such as "Storm over Asia", "Son of the Earth", "Tenderness", "Suraya", "Feat of Farhad", "You are not an orphan" , etc. They raise topics of great social significance, reveal the heroic struggle for the establishment of Soviet power in Uzbekistan, for the emancipation of Uzbek women, and show the close ties of friendship of Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War. The network of film installations in the republic has grown. If in 1953 there were 1,216 of them (of which 946 were in rural areas), then in 1975 - 4,469 (of which 3,578 were in rural areas). Uzbekistan has become the center of a number of international film festivals. International film festivals were held in Tashkent in 1969, 1972, and 1976.
The last decade has also been marked by progress in the field of fine arts. Artists, sculptors, masters of folk applied arts have created remarkable original works that reflect the pathos of socialist transformations in the republic. The works of many Uzbek artists were highly appreciated at All-Union exhibitions. Television actively promotes the spiritual culture of the peoples of Uzbekistan and its interaction with the cultures of other peoples of the USSR. In 1956, the Tashkent Television Center was opened, which currently broadcasts programs on three programs. TV centers have opened and are functioning in Urgench, Andijan, and Nukus. Broadcasts are conducted in Uzbek, Kazakh, Karakalpak and Russian, while radio broadcasts are conducted in Uzbek and Tajik.-
41 A. U. Salimov. Edict op.
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Russian, Kazakh, Tatar, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, and Russian languages. Regular exchange of radio and television programs between Uzbekistan and other Soviet republics increases the ideological, theoretical and cultural level of propaganda, enhances interaction and rapprochement of national cultures.
The feeling of friendship and mutual assistance of the Soviet peoples is most acutely manifested in moments of severe trials. This was the case during the Great Patriotic War, when the Uzbek people, being faithful to their international duty, like other peoples of the USSR, rendered unselfish assistance to those Soviet people who were forced to leave their native home due to the fascist invasion. History has witnessed many examples when large Uzbek families adopted orphans who lost their fathers and mothers in Ukraine, Belarus, the RSFSR, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The mutual support of the Soviet peoples was clearly manifested at the moment when the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, was hit by an earthquake in 1966. At that time, about 35 thousand buildings and structures were damaged and destroyed in cities, including 34 thousand residential buildings with 85 thousand apartments. 68 thousand families, or about 300 thousand people, were left homeless. Our entire multinational country came to the aid of the residents of the Uzbek capital. A few hours after the earthquake, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. N. Kosygin arrived in the city. They personally participated in the development of measures to provide assistance to Tashkent. 72 million rubles were allocated for these activities in addition to the republic's budget for 1966. Within a month, thousands of construction workers from all over the country were working in the city. Many children of Tashkent residents were evacuated to pioneer camps in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev, and over the summer more than a thousand children visited such camps. Muscovites and Leningraders accepted a contingent of students from several boarding schools for two academic years.
The scale of construction of the city can be judged by the following figures: before the earthquake in 1965, the housing stock of Tashkent was 9.7 million square meters. m of the total usable area of housing, and for 1967 - 1971. houses were built with a total area of 4818 thousand square meters. meters. Representatives of all the republics of the country came to Tashkent. Sons and daughters of more than 100 nations and nationalities of the USSR worked to restore the city. The work began in the satellite town of Sergeli, where 150 thousand square meters of housing were put into operation. The buildings of houses grew in the south-western and north-eastern parts of the city - on Chilanzar, which the residents of Tashkent called "Tashkent Cheryomushki". Envoys from 8 republics worked in the Druzhba quarter, erecting 4-to 5-storey buildings. Muscovites pledged to build 230 thousand square meters of housing in Tashkent, Leningraders - 100 thousand, RSFSR-330 thousand, Ukraine-160 thousand, Belarus-25 thousand, Kazakhstan-28 thousand, Georgia-22.5 thousand, Azerbaijan-35 thousand, Lithuania-10 thousand, Moldova-6 thousand., Latvia - 7.5 thousand, Kyrgyzstan-11.5 thousand, Tajikistan-5.4 thousand square meters of housing 42 . As a result of the disinterested help of the entire Soviet people, the housing problem was solved in Tashkent in the first two years. Sh. R. Rashidov, speaking from the rostrum of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, called " a vivid manifestation of the triumph of Lenin's national policy... reconstruction and construction of Tashkent after the earthquake of 1966. Here, "he continued," we saw firsthand the deep currents through which the fraternal friendship of the Soviet peoples carries its mighty creative power, and we felt its unbreakable strength with all our hearts. " 43
42 "History of the Uzbek SSR", Vol. IV, p. 552.
43 " XXIV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union...", Vol. 1, p. 199.
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The rise of Uzbekistan's economy and culture on an unprecedented scale has developed the possibilities of its participation in external contacts of the Soviet Union. Products of industry and agriculture of Uzbekistan can now be seen in many countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. In general, the Uzbek SSR ranked third in the USSR in terms of the volume of exported products (after the RSFSR and Ukraine). In turn, the fraternal countries of socialism send a variety of industrial products to Uzbekistan. These supplies are important for the further development of the national economy of both the republic and the entire Soviet Union. Along with economic relations, cultural contacts between the Uzbek SSR and the countries of the socialist commonwealth have also significantly increased. Days of Uzbek Culture and Art were held with great success in Poland, the GDR, Mongolia and Bulgaria during the ninth five-year plan, which introduced the workers of these countries to the remarkable achievements of the culture of the Uzbek people.
Presenting the Uzbek SSR with the Order of Peoples ' Friendship, L. I. Brezhnev stated:: "The flourishing of Soviet Central Asia, its rapid progress, is a direct result of the Leninist national policy of our glorious Communist Party. This policy is based on the principles of internationalism, and it serves as a vivid example of the historical mission of the working class, which, by liberating itself, liberates all the oppressed masses of the people. It has always proceeded and continues to proceed from an understanding of the enormous possibilities of independent historical creativity of the revolutionary masses of the East and does everything possible to ensure that this creativity is fully developed. " 44
The tenth five-year plan in Uzbekistan provides for the further development of the electronic, electrical and chemical industries, the production of machinery and equipment for the light and food industries, as well as for the integrated mechanization of cotton growing and land reclamation works. Raw cotton production in 1980 is expected to reach 5.8 million tons and create new large-scale areas for its cultivation in the Karshi and Jizzakh steppes. 462 thousand hectares of new land are to be watered 45 . These grandiose tasks will be fulfilled by the work of a multinational group of workers of the Uzbek SSR, who are solidly united by a strong friendship that helps to successfully implement the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU.
44 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 4, p. 286.
45 Pravda, 14. XII. 1975.
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